公利性公共与公议性公共:“公共”话语研究的两个要点及其范式转型

"公利性公共"关注的是以个人内在的德性修养去驯服功利世界的分野,其优势在于以家国同构的礼法规制实现天下之共。忠孝同构的天下模式以"君"主导"贤",其心性构造从纵向维度上掩盖了横向维度的制度构造。"公议性公共"即多元力量的准入、展示、商谈和共通,"公议"立足公利,成为公共理性的精神守护,它处在与党派、政府等秩序建制的磨合当中;"公议"立足于"利益"之"有"而寻求间性之"无",公共话语研究处在实体哲学朝向主体"间性问题"的转型中,亦即公心与公法处在心性-秩序间的融合中。

政府的自利性及其控制

管理社会公共事务、提供公共产品作为政府本身所固有的基本职能之一 ,体现了政府具有公利性的一面 ,更构成现代民主政府的本质属性。但政府也有自身的利益即自利性 ,自利性是政府非本质的属性。这种属性客观存在 ,并且有扩张的可能。本文探讨了政府自利性的各种表现形式和主要特征 ,并提出界定政府合理自利的方法及控制政府不合理自利的若干对策建议。

试论政府自利性扩张的控制

管理社会公共事务、提供公共产品作为政府本身所固有的基本职能之一,体现了政府具有公利性的一面,更构成现代民主政府的本质属性。但政府也有自身的利益即自利性,自利性是政府非本质的属性。正确处理和对待政府自利性,对我国社会主义现代化的顺利推进有着重大的现实意义。

Reform Dividends and Economic Convenience

Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing the institutional environment, which in turn increases the vibrancy and innovation of economic actors. The most economically convenient system is also in actuality the most effective market economic system. Reform based on public and collective actions should be based on the following principle： if institutional reform is evolving towards the enhancement of economic convenience, then we can be sure that reform is embarking on the path of releasing dividends.

Media Stakeholders＇ Perspectives and Policy Integrity

Objectivity in media practice is the journalist＇s ability to give every segment of the audience an equal right to be heard and seen, to read or to react. Disappointingly, that objectivity does not extend to the policies that regulate that practice. This concern is demonstrated in the incoherence and lack of judgment that exist in media policy domains where journalism is confined to a deal between only the journalist and his or her audience. This linear process conspicuously excludes those crucial stakeholders whose interests tremendously affect the destiny of journalists and their audience. The development has adversely affected policy rationality in some developing countries as media policies lack interactive planning, robust policy discourses and stakeholder dialogue, thereby undermining policy integrity. This paper attempts to argue that for a media policy to be truly in public interest, formulators have to expand their horizon beyond government, journalists and their audience to other stakeholders. Newsmakers, who fall into a category of such stakeholders, can make the journalist＇s pen run dry if they go on strike! Others include media users, media owners and media scholars. The paper recommends the process of harnessing the perspectives of these stakeholders in a manner that can make analysts consider drafting a fresh all-encompassing media policy for developing countries, especially those of Africa.

Public Deliberation in an Age of Visibility： Political Communication Analysis in Mexico

This paper reviews the importance of visibility in public deliberation in the theoretical construction of political communication. Political communication is the area that study social and political interactions of actors through discourses and practices within the public sphere. The social and political actors manage their public appearances in an exercise of visibility, allowing deliberation of public affairs. In recent years, Mexico has been a relevant case of study for understanding the opening of media into the public discussion of governmental affairs. As an example, this paper presents an analysis of public deliberation in the city of Quer6taro, Mexico. This study analyses political participation and openness of media, based on the concepts visibility, public sphere and citizenship. The analysis was built on the idea that the press concentrates most of the issues of public interest and that it reflects actors and arguments given for deliberation. In a qualitative approximation, we analyzed the discourses published in four journals and developed an analytical framework that illustrates the levels of access and visibility of a variety of political and social actors. This exercise demonstrates the importance of the concept of visibility in public deliberation and the media as managers in the current configuration of political communication.

How value relevant are earnings when they are transitory？ Empirical evidence for France

Capital market participants take seriously into consideration the value relevance of earnings for security valuation. This study examines the value relevance of earnings when earnings are transitory, i.e., there is great variability in earnings. It hypothesizes that the relationship between earnings and security returns worsens when earnings are transitory and this robustness is country specific. The dataset consists of more than 1,100 French firm-year observations over a nine year period. Empirical results show that when earnings are transitory, investors pay more attention to operating cash flows and less attention to earnings, a result indicating that investors penalize firms with unstable earnings. These results should be of great importance to financial analysts, investors and bankers for investing and credit decisions, especially after the recent global financial crisis.

How Much Digital Activism Plays a Role in Political Activism： A Case Study of Morocco＇s February 20th Movement

The present paper seeks to investigate the extent to which digital activism plays a role in political activism in Morocco through the intersection between women and young activists movement and the social media. By doing so the author argues that while facebook and the Moroccan political arena are Male dominated public areas, young female activists have emerged as prominent leaders in both spaces. The author will more particularly explain why female and youth activists are important in the current state of Moroccan politics. Next, the author provides a discussion of the February 20th Movement, and the movement＇s utilization of Facebook. It will show that young female activists involved in the February 20th Movement have used Facebook in unique and creative ways to further the Movement.

Critical Human Rights and Liberal Legality： Struggling for ＂The Right to Have Communal Rights＂

Recent critical approaches on human rights have exalted the potentiality of this category for seeking progressive agendas （Santos 2007） insofar as they are enacted within counter-hegemonic cognitive frames （Rajagopal 2006） towards the construction of ＂subaltern human rights＂ （Onazi 2009）. Others,. however, have pointed out that the human rights institutional and political hegemony makes other valuable emancipatory strategies less available, and that this foregrounds problems of participation and procedure at the expense of distribution （Kennedy 2005）. Finally, others have explained how the abstractedness of the category entails a de-politicization （Rancière 2004; Zizek 2005; Douzinas 2007） or an emptiness that, of course, can be filled by progressive activism, but whose substance is easily reappropriated by those in power （Miéville 2005）. By engaging with the above-mentioned perspectives, and following the decolonial approach （Mignolo 2009; 2011）, I suggest that the category human rights can be decolonized and being used for progressive agendas only after a comprehensive critique of liberal legality （that entails a critique of liberal abstract rationality, political economy, and modernity/coloniality） has been performed.

Monthly Seasonality in the Top 50 Australian Stocks

We studied monthly seasonality in the top 50 Australian stocks across different industry sectors. Unlike other Australian studies, we examined monthly seasonality using stock return data of individual companies for the period of January 1980 through to August 2010. We found that stock returns of over half of the 50 companies are significantly positive in April and December, and most companies have low stock returns in October. Seven companies have higher returns in April than in other months of the year, most of which are banking and financial services companies, while six companies have lower returns in February than in other months. Although Australia has a July-June taxation cycle, we found that only three stocks have a July anomaly. The findings are inconsistent with the tax-loss selling hypothesis and other studies on the Australian equity markets （e.g., Brown, Keim, Kleidon, ＆ Marsh, 1983; Brailsford ＆ Easton, 1991）. However, our findings are generally consistent with Bonin and Moses （1974） on individual stock seasonality

From Conservation to Sustainable Development-A Case Study of Angkor World Heritage Site, Cambodia

The World Heritage Committee of UNESCO has called for a strategic commitment from its States Parties to strengthen links between heritage conservation and sustainable development. Fulfilment of this commitment will require integration of the conservation of sites with the sustainable use and management of natural resources in a larger area beyond the boundaries of sites. Identification and demarcation of areas for conserving World Heritage sites and sustainable development of broader regions must derive from an in-depth knowledge of people-environment relationships. The management of Angkor-an iconic World Heritage site -has been primarily focused on conservation and restoration of monuments within the boundaries of the site. However, that focus is now shifting towards addressing environmental, social and economic challenges for sustainable development of the broader landscape described in this paper as the Angkor ecosystem. Angkor has the potential to demonstrate the application of an ecosystem approach to sustainable development--advocated under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. The site could be a laboratory for new research on cultural ecosystem services as a tool for bridging site conservation to the sustainable development of the Siem Reap province where the site is located.

Quality of Accounting Information and Internal Audit Characteristics in Nigeria

The basic goal of accounting is to provide quality accounting information that will aid reliable decision-making. The quality level of this accounting information comes from the company＇s governance practices, thereby emphasizing the importance of corporate governance in companies. Recently, following the financial crises resulting in accounting scandals, attention has been moving towards internal audit function as an important factor in the structure of corporate governance. This paper therefore examined the extent of the relationship between internal audit function and the quality of accounting information of companies. The study adopted the survey research design. The research instrument employed was questionnaire which was administered to internal auditors of the ＂Big Four＂. Linear regression analysis was employed in the analysis of the data collected with the use of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences （SPSS）. The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between the internal audit characteristics and the quality of accounting information. It was recommended that in order to provide credibility to the financial statement, there should be a law in place mandating attachment of internal auditors report to the financial statement.

Analysis of functions of government＇s role in health care reform

Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministry of Health hospitals and managed hospital are also ill- defined, solving our health care reform issue is urgent, the crux is the government and market positioning and how to build a service-oriented government, provide medical supplies, establish fair and equitable health care system which is the basic duty of government, are also urgent needs for building a socialist harmonious society.

Administrative Law Studies policy based on public interest

From the aspect of administrative law to analyze the needs of the ＂public interest＂, evaluate the study of traditional administrative law definition of ＂public interest＂ extensive oversight and administrative mission and different levels of resistance, from the perspective of administrative policy on science policy the role of the administrative process of the formation of the special nature of administrative law, reflecting the interests of the mechanism of the modem state, the role of public opinion and how to grasp the meaning of the people said that other issues were discussed, in order to reveal the modem administrative law, research must pay attention to the value and benefits of diversification, the complexity of the method.

Corporate Internet Disclosure in the Arabian Gulf： An Empirical Examination of Determinants and Attributes

This paper investigates and reports on the extent and nature of corporate internet disclosure and the determinants of internet financial disclosure （IFD） by companies listed in three Gulf Corporation Council （GCC） countries. This paper uses data from 207 listed companies in Muscat Securities Market （MSM）, Dubai Financial Market （DFM）, and Qatar Exchange （QE）. Binary logistic regression analysis is used to examine the determinants of IFD. Kruskal-Wallis test is used to examine the differences in disclosure characteristics among the three countries. The results of this study reveal that firm size is the major factor influencing intemet financial reporting in the GCC. The results reveal that the three countries differ significantly in all the disclosure attributes with the exception of the existence of email link. This paper extends the stream of research that confirms the widespread use of internet in disclosing financial information. The results are consistent with previous literature that corporate size is a major determinant of internet financial reporting. This paper provides insights into corporate internet disclosure in the GCC that will benefit all stakeholders with an interest in corporate reporting in this important region of the world.

Analysis of Participatory Approach Applied in Creating a New Protected Area Anjozorobe Angavo

The political will in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity brings to the establishment of MSPA （Madagascar system of protected areas）. The aim is to conserve biodiversity, alleviate poverty and develop the country. Participation and involvement of local population in natural resources management, consultation with all sectors and responsibilization of regional and local authorities in protected areas management are all the basic principles of MSPA. The paper brought focus in the understanding of this participation of local actors （populations, local authorities） and in their interests to participate in the protected area management in Anjozorobe Angavo. The research has been conducted by doing investigations and meetings with local actors. A typology of participations had been done. It has been indeed noticed that the understanding was differentiated then motivations to participate were not always the environmental one. The populations＇ participation could be either by convenience, or for personal interest, or imposed participation, or conscious participation. But in order to reach the purpose of the protected areas sustainable management, the operator should admit that the participation in protected areas management is imposed naturally and should consider those differences in visions; at last, the approach should motivate local populations to participate consciously.

Welfare Rigidity, the Composition of Public Expenditure and the Welfare Trap

Welfare expenditure is characterized by rigidity,i.e.,it goes up easily but is very hard to get down.We introduced welfare rigidity into an endogenous growth model that includes government expenditure to analyze the impact of welfare rigidity and the composition of public expenditure on economic growth and family utility.Our findings show that welfare spending and economic growth have a non-monotonic relationship that is negative or inverted U-shaped depending on cross-country differences.Higher welfare rigidity reduces long-term economic growth and household utility.According to the estimated optimal size of welfare expenditure,China,as a developing country with a large population,has to do all it can to improve people’s livelihood but must at the same time weigh its limited resources so that its welfare expenditure does not fall into a“welfare trap.”

Public Finance and the High Savings Rate in China

“” , “” “ ”, “” ; “ ”, “” : 2000, , , 1996—200630: The paper examines the micro-mechanism for the high savings rate in China from public finance view. We find that the self-interest of government has played an important role in the rising national savings rate since 2000. The improved SOE profitability has enhanced the government incentive to save for the investment. This has crowded out public expenditures on technology, education, medicare and social safety net. As a result, the private sector has to increase precautionary savings. The empirical study based on panel data of 30 provinces from 1996 to 2006 demonstrates that the savings rate of the public sector is positively related to SOE profitability, and the private sector savings rate is negatively related to the ratio of public expenditures to the disposable income of the public sector.View full textDownload full text

Human Rights Protection and Economic Development in China： Right to Subsistence-based Development and its Future

Historically, economic development and human fights go hand in hand. On the one hand, the protection of human rights is the purpose of economic development, i.e., promoting economic and social rights through economic development, and then creating conditions for the realization of civil and political fights. On the other hand, the protection of human rights is a means to economic development, and only through the protection of human fights, can sustained and healthy economic development be realized. The economic development model of China since 1978, for quite a long period of time, is suitable for subsistence-based development. However, it also has created risks of economic failure and political legitimacy crises. So it is necessary to adopt a scientific development model which values human rights.

Fairness of Extra-Gain Guilty in Performance of Supply Chain and Contract Design

Considering a one-supplier and two-retailer supply chain setting in which the supplier makes contacts with retailers in sequence based on FCFS(first–come–first-service) principle, the authors investigate the marginal effect of extra-gain guilty fairness concerns of supply chain members on the contract design, supply chain's profit and profit distribution. When the supplier considers distributional fairness of loss aversion and extra-gain guilty, extra-gain guilty concern reduces the optimal wholesale and retail price, and improves supply chain performance. When the first or the second retailer considers distributional fairness and peer-induced fairness, extra-gain guilty concerns decrease the optimal wholesale and retail price but increase the profit of all supply chain members only when the level of loss aversion is large enough and the level of extra-gain guilty is less than 1/2. However, when the level of loss aversion is small and the level of extra-gain guilty is less than 1/2, extra-gain guilty has no influence on supply chain performance. The analysis reveals that the supply chain performance can be further improved by considering fairness of extra-gain guilty.