权利:本能自由、本益禁侵与公意自由——古典自然法学权利观辨析

古典自然法学派的诸贤哲们使用的“权利(right)”一语具有多义性,其包括:霍布斯的“本能自由”,洛克的“本益禁侵”,卢梭、康德的“公意自由”。其中,以“自由”为本义的权利观念是这一学派的主导性权利观念。但这一权利观经历了由霍布斯的基于人的自然本有能力的自由向卢梭、康德的体现为公共意志的理性约束下的自由的观念转换。从理论逻辑来看,卢梭、康德的公意自由观是古典自然法学中更为成熟、完善的权利观念,因其中内含着“正义”“正当”的意思,所以,它看起来更像是“权利”。至于洛克开创的以“应当不”为本义的权利观,指向保护主体本有利益(“本益禁侵”)。这种“权利”(“应当不”)并不指向主体的自我行为,而是指向他方(其他个人、或社会、或国家)的行为:是对他方行为的禁止。它实质上是义务表述。

自由、公意与社会契约——关于卢梭和康德的一个政治哲学的比较

康德将人在国家中的的权利与义务建立在所有人的理性同意基础上。因此,他的法哲学与政治哲学不依赖于意志论,不依赖于社会成员的伦理诉求,也不依赖于个体的理性自律。借助于人的理性,我们发现人们对于国家权力的服从是一种自然的义务。理性因而是自由公民之间达成的共识。在此意义上,康德的法哲学与政治哲学不是卢梭学说的简单延续,而是其光大与拓展。康德学说中不但有卢梭因素,同时蕴含着对于霍布斯与洛克学说主题的回应。

The Effect of Class and Employment Type on the Awareness of Irregular Work Issues in Korea and ｜apan

Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarization in material conditions between regular workers and irregular workers. So, this study focuses on the main factors explaining awareness of irregular worker issues of each of the classes, and relationship between class consciousness in both countries. The result shows that among factors affecting awareness of irregular work issues, negative effect of subjective employment stability was significant in both countries. In regard of anti-flexibility, while strong class effect was observed in Korea, negative effect of anti-neoliberalism was observed in Japan. This is seemingly contradictory that who opposes neoliberal economic policies agrees with labor market flexibilisation. This phenomenon could be explained by labor market characteristics in Korea and Japan. Japanese labor market is characterized by low flexibility and strong segmentation, while Korean labor market is characterized by high flexibility and strong segmentation. Interaction of these two characteristics increases the labor market inequality in Korea.