AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmiss...AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmission risks） were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5＇noncoding （5＇NC） sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher＇s exact F-test and odds ratios （OR） were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.RESULTS： The sex ratio was predominantly male （2.2） and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant （53.4%） followed by genotype 3 （33%）. Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage （IVDU） was the most frequently reported （71.4%） followed by medical-related transmission （17.6%） including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU （OR = 4.84, P 〈 0.0001） whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure （OR = 2.42, P 〈 0.001）. The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population （Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P 〈 0.0001） with a higher frequency of genotype 3 （46.5% vs 27.5%） and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 （44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively）. IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.CONCLUSION： We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European counties, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 （33%）. Since serology screening became available in 2992, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.展开更多
In recent years, transparency and accountability seem to find new impulse, with the development of ICT （information and communication technology） and the prospective of open data that invest the public system at a n...In recent years, transparency and accountability seem to find new impulse, with the development of ICT （information and communication technology） and the prospective of open data that invest the public system at a national and supranational level. Public institutions tend to make available to the public, more data and information concerning the administration, the manner of use of public goods and resources. At the same time, each institution is called upon to deal with the demand of transparency and participation by citizens who increasingly use Internet 2.0 and social media. After a reflection on how public administrations acted in the phase of Web 1.0 to practice transparency and accountability in terms of communication, this paper considers the elements of continuity and the new opportunities linked to the advent of Web 2.0 and open data. At the end of this analysis, the focus is on the strengths and weaknesses of this process, with a particular attention to the role of the public communication.展开更多
Field trials to determine the yield response of potatoes to Umostart Super Zn （USZ） fertilizer （11.46.0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates） were carried out in 2004 using the cultivar Tigoni. During the long rains season, the tre...Field trials to determine the yield response of potatoes to Umostart Super Zn （USZ） fertilizer （11.46.0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates） were carried out in 2004 using the cultivar Tigoni. During the long rains season, the treatments included USZ at 15 kg ha^-1 at planting; 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; and 45 kg ha^-1 at planting. Treatments during the short rains included USZ at 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; 40 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 split into 25 kg ha^-1 at planting and 25 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; and 60 kg ha^-1 at planting. USZ was contrasted with Diammonium phosphate （DAP） fertilizer （18：46：0） at 300 kg ha^-1 and 500 kg ha^-1 applied at planting and a control in which no fertilizer was applied. The DAP 300 kg ha^-1 treatment was however, not included during the long rains season. The highest tuber yields among the USZ treatments were obtained in plots treated with 45 kg ha^-1 （27.11 t ha^-1） during the long rains and 60 kg ha^-1 （55.17 t ha^-1） during the short rains season. Application of USZ resulted in a yield increase of at least 3.90 and 19.06 t ha^-1 during the long and short rains seasons respectively.展开更多
In recent years, the researches on the theory and application of public articles and mechanism design at home and abroad has attracted more and more attentions. The paper uses the idea of mechanism design and simulati...In recent years, the researches on the theory and application of public articles and mechanism design at home and abroad has attracted more and more attentions. The paper uses the idea of mechanism design and simulation to analyze and solve environmental pollution improvement. By establishing a simple environmental pollution improvement model, the paper transforms pollution control into binary decision established by a sewage treatment plant and different decisions by the fisherman on the establishment of sewage treatment plants. The paper observes the results of applying different mechanisms and proposes the suggestions of implementin~ various pollution control methods.展开更多
基金The "Centre de Recherche Public-Santé" (CRP-Santé, project LRV-REC-06-01)
文摘AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmission risks） were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5＇noncoding （5＇NC） sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher＇s exact F-test and odds ratios （OR） were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.RESULTS： The sex ratio was predominantly male （2.2） and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant （53.4%） followed by genotype 3 （33%）. Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage （IVDU） was the most frequently reported （71.4%） followed by medical-related transmission （17.6%） including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU （OR = 4.84, P 〈 0.0001） whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure （OR = 2.42, P 〈 0.001）. The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population （Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P 〈 0.0001） with a higher frequency of genotype 3 （46.5% vs 27.5%） and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 （44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively）. IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.CONCLUSION： We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European counties, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 （33%）. Since serology screening became available in 2992, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.
文摘In recent years, transparency and accountability seem to find new impulse, with the development of ICT （information and communication technology） and the prospective of open data that invest the public system at a national and supranational level. Public institutions tend to make available to the public, more data and information concerning the administration, the manner of use of public goods and resources. At the same time, each institution is called upon to deal with the demand of transparency and participation by citizens who increasingly use Internet 2.0 and social media. After a reflection on how public administrations acted in the phase of Web 1.0 to practice transparency and accountability in terms of communication, this paper considers the elements of continuity and the new opportunities linked to the advent of Web 2.0 and open data. At the end of this analysis, the focus is on the strengths and weaknesses of this process, with a particular attention to the role of the public communication.
文摘Field trials to determine the yield response of potatoes to Umostart Super Zn （USZ） fertilizer （11.46.0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates） were carried out in 2004 using the cultivar Tigoni. During the long rains season, the treatments included USZ at 15 kg ha^-1 at planting; 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; and 45 kg ha^-1 at planting. Treatments during the short rains included USZ at 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; 40 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 split into 25 kg ha^-1 at planting and 25 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; and 60 kg ha^-1 at planting. USZ was contrasted with Diammonium phosphate （DAP） fertilizer （18：46：0） at 300 kg ha^-1 and 500 kg ha^-1 applied at planting and a control in which no fertilizer was applied. The DAP 300 kg ha^-1 treatment was however, not included during the long rains season. The highest tuber yields among the USZ treatments were obtained in plots treated with 45 kg ha^-1 （27.11 t ha^-1） during the long rains and 60 kg ha^-1 （55.17 t ha^-1） during the short rains season. Application of USZ resulted in a yield increase of at least 3.90 and 19.06 t ha^-1 during the long and short rains seasons respectively.
文摘In recent years, the researches on the theory and application of public articles and mechanism design at home and abroad has attracted more and more attentions. The paper uses the idea of mechanism design and simulation to analyze and solve environmental pollution improvement. By establishing a simple environmental pollution improvement model, the paper transforms pollution control into binary decision established by a sewage treatment plant and different decisions by the fisherman on the establishment of sewage treatment plants. The paper observes the results of applying different mechanisms and proposes the suggestions of implementin~ various pollution control methods.
