This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to...This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.展开更多
Research is scarce on non-financial characteristics, including owner characteristics and their influences on capital structure in the establishment phase. The objective of this study is to examine the factors affectin...Research is scarce on non-financial characteristics, including owner characteristics and their influences on capital structure in the establishment phase. The objective of this study is to examine the factors affecting firms＇ availability of external finance, utilizing a sample of Finnish start-up micro firms. The overall purpose is not to produce a comprehensive model for capital structure, but to illustrate the importance of non-accounting characteristics in explaining the attractiveness of the new venture from the lender＇s point of view. The results show that a founder who has prior work experience from the same sector and has little or no personal financial property seems to have higher leverage. After splitting the data into survived and failed firms, lenders viewed work experience positively only in the sample of failed firms. In addition, limited liability companies, firms located in bigger cities, and firms with good demand evaluated by the lender have a lower level of leverage.展开更多
文摘This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.
文摘Research is scarce on non-financial characteristics, including owner characteristics and their influences on capital structure in the establishment phase. The objective of this study is to examine the factors affecting firms＇ availability of external finance, utilizing a sample of Finnish start-up micro firms. The overall purpose is not to produce a comprehensive model for capital structure, but to illustrate the importance of non-accounting characteristics in explaining the attractiveness of the new venture from the lender＇s point of view. The results show that a founder who has prior work experience from the same sector and has little or no personal financial property seems to have higher leverage. After splitting the data into survived and failed firms, lenders viewed work experience positively only in the sample of failed firms. In addition, limited liability companies, firms located in bigger cities, and firms with good demand evaluated by the lender have a lower level of leverage.
