民国武进兰社考论

武进兰社是民国众多文人社团之一,社长是旧式文人周葆贻。该社最大的特点是周葆贻与其近百名男女弟子的唱和,以保存传统文化为宗旨,在诗词创作上关注民瘼、展现江苏地域文化等。虽然武进兰社尚未形成有影响的文学流派,但其创作以性灵为旨归,在某种程度上是对清中叶袁枚及其女弟子群的继承与开拓。

《灵兰社稿》学术特色刍议

《灵兰社稿》是一部中医内科杂病著作,现仅存清代稿本一部,收藏于中国中医科学院图书馆。该书民国时期由湖南著名藏书家唐成之收藏,是一部书写工整、文字娟秀且内容丰富的中医孤善本著作。2009年曾在中医古籍出版社影印出版的《中医古籍孤本大全》丛书中收录并加以原版影印。由于发行量有限,该书不为广大学者熟悉,故从本书著者、成书、藏书情况入手,重点探讨其学术特色和主要内容,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。

从兰社到水沫社-对施蛰存文学社团活动的考察

为探究施蛰存文学创作创作的源头,本文参照第一手史料,对施蛰存早期从鸳鸯蝴蝶派的"新秀"成名于杭州到创办青凤文学会、璎珞文学社、水沫社时期的文学活动进行梳理,并对他文学翻译和创作并重的原则,以及将"新旧我无成见"贯穿于创作过程的做法进行一新的解读。

晚明时期范凤翼的结社活动及其社集特征

晚明时期通州文人范凤翼致力于交游结社,是山茨社、白门社、兰社的灵魂人物。山茨社寓含鲜明的政治态度,先后绵延近二百年,堪称社集传奇;白门社名流翕集,规模宏大,盛极一时;兰社是明代为数不多、规模最大的画社,诗、画渗透交融。三社互为补充,相得益彰,均属艺文色彩鲜明的文人活动,在明清文人结社史上具有独特意义。

赣州地区老建办认真抓好跨度项目建设

赣州地区老建办坚持以经济效益为中心，认真抓好跨度开发项目，取得了较好的成绩。截止1991年底，全区经批准实施的19个大小跨度项目中已有10个建成投产。其中会昌岩背锡矿、九二盐矿。

略论孙中山普及教育的思想

伟大的民主主义革命的先行者孙中山先生毕生献身于革命,对中国人民革命事业做出了宝贵的贡献。在他的资产阶级民主革命思想中教育占有重要的地位,更为可贵的是,孙中山教育思想的着眼点是普及国民教育。孙中山对普及教育极为重视。他认为,教育能否普及关系到国家的富强。

How People Use Earthquake Information and Its Influence on Household Preparedness in New Zealand

Forty-eight interviews were undertaken with residents in Timaru, Wanganui and Napier, New Zealand, in 2008 to explore how people understand and use information about earthquake hazards and preparedness, and how this process affects actual preparedness. Three main types of information were identified as being utilized by people： passive information （e.g., newspapers, brochures, TV, radio, websites）, interactive information （e.g., community activities, school activities~ and workplace activities）, and experiential information （e.g., experiencing a hazardous event, responding to an event, and working in an organization that deals with hazards）. People tended to either contextualize hazard and preparedness information around any prevailing beliefs they had or form new beliefs on exposure to information. A number of core beliefs were identified as crucial for helping people consider that preparing is important and motivating actual adjustment adoption. Society also has an influence on how people interpret information and form intentions to prepare. People are often influenced by the opinions of others, and as preparing for disasters is not seen as a societal norm, this can cause people not to prepare. Feeling a responsibility for others （e.g., children） appears to be a major driver of preparedness. Other societal factors such as trust, leadership and sense of community also influence interpretation, dissemination and use of hazards and preparedness information. Finally, a number of resource issues can help or hinder preparedness.

The Place of Religion in Education： A Contemporary Nigerian Perspective

The Nigerian society has been plagued by persistent religious conflicts alongside the problem of insecurity for some time now. This is not a new development, but it has worsened since the last five years with the emergence of the Boko Haram Islamic group. This group claims to be responsible for most violent activities in the northern part of the country for the past few years. Judging from the nature of their activities, Boko Haram, an Arabic phrase which literally means that ＂western education is forbidden＂, is among other factors, largely rooted in religious intolerance. The challenges posed by this group since 2010 have defied all logic and rationality, leaving Nigerians with deep concerns for the unity of their country in the present era. Why has religion, albeit a formidable unifying element, become an instrument of various kinds of menace, destruction of lives and properties？ it appears to have even caused many to wonder about the quality of education and expertise of the Nigerian polity and governance. It must also be noted that most of these problems with Boko Haram have their roots in the northern part of the country which is predominantly Islamic in religion. Religion has been awfully misrepresented and used as an excuse for all kinds of evil. This paper examines the place of religion in education from the perspective of the contemporary Nigerian society. It also explores how religion can still be used as a paradigm for restoring the sanctity and dignity of education, promote its morality and actualize its objectives in the society. The paper furthermore summons religious leaders to devise significant ways, such as interfaith dialogues and activities to enhance a sustained education in the country.

Inspired by Thomas and Znaniecki. Do We Observe the Formation of a New Polish-Norwegian Society

The paper aims to present that concepts introduced in The Polish Peasant in Europe and America have not lost their validity They are still inspiring for analysis of contemporary migratory movements. Especially, the premise that ＂assimilation＂ of Polish migrants is not an individual but a group phenomenon can shape a scope of analysis of massive post-EU-accession emigration from Poland. The author tests adequacy of classical tools for investigation on Polish migrants in Norway. What is interesting about them is the fast increase in their number after 2004. As a consequence, they are the biggest immigrant group in this country. They have been spreading all over Norway; however, more than half of them reside in four counties （Oslo, Akershus, Rogeland, and Hordaland）. Referring to the approach introduced by Thomas and Znaniecki, formation of a new Polish-Norwegian society is a process constituted by certain stages, which will be discussed in the paper below

Digital Divide in Relation to Differently Abled Community in Sri Lanka

The developments in the field of Information and Communication Technology （ICT） in the country has rapidly happen after year 2009 .Government has developed many programs and initiations to develop ICT in the country after three decades of war was ended up. As a result disabled community can make many opportunities to use the ICT and at the same time create a gap, which is commonly referred to as Disability Digital Divide. The purpose of this study was to examine empirically the current status of adoption of ICT and in turn the digital divide resulting from which in the disability community in Sri Lanka and the factors affecting this behavior. A questionnaire and Interviewed based survey （n = 107） was carried out to collect the data from the disabled people who used ICT in the Colombo, Gampaha, and Kaluthara district. An empirical model was developed to show the relationship between the level of adoption of 10 basic, intermediate, and advanced ICT facilities and a number of factors to reflect the WWW, Smart phones, and Computer usage aspects of disabled community. Based on the Innovatiotr---Diffusion Theory, the status of Digital Divide of a disabled community was specified by means of an Index. The results show that this community did not become innovators or early-adopters of ICT by adopting WWW or computer related technologies but was mostly confined to the smart phone related facilities. The results from this study highlight that the income of a disabled person, awareness about the information and technology, interest of new technology usage, social and cultural background of a person, use of English language in day-to-day life give a significant impact on the adoption oflCT by the disabled community.

Blasphemy and Islamic Sophism in Selected Poems by Emily Dickinson

In spite the fact that Emily Elizabeth Dickinson lived during the 19th century Amherst among conservative community that gave less chance to female voice to gain a share in social and political life, she paved the way for the coming female thinkers to obtain more freedom of thought and expression. In other words, since she was convient that ＂Abdiction of Belief makes the Behaviour Small＂, she undercut social conventions and moved under gradual shift from Orthodox Trinitarianism into new thoughts of liberalism. However, in good deal of her work, she still pertains to religious conservatism in wider sense than Amhest Church had been dectated.

Continual Process of Self-Making： Hester Prynne＇s Life Is an Instance of Sublimation

This paper attempts to demonstrate Hester Prynne＇s, in Nathaniel Hawthorne＇s romantic work of fiction The Scarlet Letter （1994）, sublimation of her sexual impulses into identifying with the socially acceptable humanitarian actions, and societal demands in order to avoid the confrontation with the scorn of the people of Boston, her sexual urge, and with her weakness. Hester＇s libidinal energy was channeled into socially approved activities in her self-devoted years that made up her identity and reality. The scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which once attracted the world＇s scorn and bitterness, later looked upon with reverence, and transformed into a thing to be sorrowed over. She had not ignored a large part of reality of her life （the past and present）. If she ignored her past she would entirely detach it from the present. She integrated her stigma into her life in the continual process of self-making, and thereby projecting herself into the future

Newspaper Reporting of Suicide Impact on Rate of Suicide in the Contemporary Society in Sri Lanka

Suicide has been largely investigated by many researchers in a variety of perspectives. The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between the rate of suicide in contemporary society and how it can be affected by the way of suicide reporting at the same time. Qualitative method is used to analysis the data capturing from observation, interviews and textual analysis. Special attention has been paid to the news reporting in the suicide in Sri Lankan newspapers. Sinhala medium newspapers： Lankadeepa, Diwaina, Lakbima, Silumina, Dinamina, Rivira, were used as the major sample of this study. Time period is located from January 2000 to January 2010. In conclusion, Suicide has been reporting in Sri Lanka as a heroic and sensational action for the target of maximum selling and the financial benefit of media institutions. Use of Language in suicide reporting and the placement of the story in the newspaper have been two major factors that cause to glamorize the incident. Suicide reporting is highly sensational and rhetorically made by the ownership of the media and non-ethical consideration of the journalism in Sri Lanka. Victims and vulnerable are encouraged to get in to suicide and they are generally encouraged to their action for faith. Suicide should be reported in the newspaper as a problem of mental health and attention should be drawn to well inform the public on the issue. Human incidents should not be reported in media for cheap commercial purposes that indirectly chance to gain much financial profit through the highest selling and expansion. This study suggest to take necessary action to immediately make a frame of ethics of media reporting that avoids such unethical reporting in the practice of suicide reporting in Sri Lanka.

Iconography of National Mourning in Polish Press

By the law, the highest-ranking state officials announce national mouming in response to death of prominent persons. The concept of mourning should be understood both as way of showing grief in public spaces and a period of time. In turn, the concept of iconography means a collection of illustrations, paintings, prints, drawings relating to a person, place or topic. President of Poland, his wife and other 94 people died in the Smolensk plane crash on April 10, 2010, thus the images of plane crash and its outcome published in different segments of Polish press are the subject of the article. Research based on methods such as interpretation of composition and semiotics. I started my analysis with a few hypotheses： （1） The cultural background, especially religious, determines the mourning visual representation; （2） The result of certain style of visualization can be constructing of a political myth; （3） Different means can be used by mass media in adapting culture patterns process; （4） Different photographic genres can be used to illustrate the mourning; and （5） Press segments differ in way/style of mourning visualization.

Life Narratives of the Lankan Other： An Exploratory Study of the Jaffna Community in “Project I Am”

Life narrative is a field which is currently drawing increasing academic interest in Sri Lanka, though life narratives are an integral part of the socio-political fabric of the nation. In the Sri Lankan, context biography and autobiography are commonly seen as two separate genres in life writing, but certain life narratives tend to blur those boundaries. From This Point Forward, a photography exhibition by Luka Alagiyawanna, My Mother’s Village, a documentary life narrative by Aaron Burton, and Project I Am by Kannan Arunasalam are some examples. The present study analyses life narratives from I Am Jaffna section in Project I Am1; a digital archive of life narratives of Sri Lankan elders. Based on the life narratives, memories, and experiences of Sri Lankan elders, the project strives to find out whether there was a time when people in Sri Lanka did not describe themselves as Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim, or Burgher, or a time when ethnic identity was not the primary defining factor of an individual. The reviews and articles on the projects have looked at the project merely as a repository of stories that help Sri Lankans understand their differences and a project promoting reconciliation with hardly any focus on the project as a Sri Lankan life narrative, so that a gap bridged by the present study. The study also focuses on the concept and politics of “othering” with a view to exploring how these life narratives are constructed as Sri Lankan life narratives. For this purpose, the study focuses on the segment on people from Jaffna-I am Jaffa, since the Jaffna community has a long standing history of being “the other.” The inseparability of the concept and politics ofothering and the identity of Sri Lankans show that it is extremely challenging to dispose of the notion of the other as it has actually become an integral aspect of Sri Lankan identity and a social reality.

The Reconcilability Between Islamic and the Conventional Banking

Tensions between Western and Islamic traditions are very fierce in evidence currently. Many see the two systems as irreconcilable and the conflict between the two as inevitable （Huntingdon ＆ Berger, 2002）. This paper argues if reconcilability between Islam and the West exists in the field of finance and if the two systems can co-evolve in a mutually productive way, then, the author can be optimistic about the ability of the two systems to co-exist. Clearly, they involve different attitudes, but this paper argues on the basis of significant compatibility issues that these are resolvable under the tradition of tolerance that has existed in Western and Islamic societies. The context chosen for this analysis is finance which is central to global capitalism and is an area in which key differences of principle and practice exist between Islam and the West.

Polish Media 22 Years After Socio-Political Breakthrough The Road to Professionalization and Democratization

Over two decades have passed by since Poland took the course of democratic changes. In the early 1990s the press sector was re-established as a consequence of de-monopolization and has been taken over by foreigners. The electronle media sector has been restricted for 15 years and foreign companies could only have one third of the ownership. The complexity of Polish media system reflects the long way from communism and governmental media towards free democratized market with some remnants of the previous era. It is hard to predict when it will be shaped in a brand new way and if it is generally possible.

Structure and Ownership of Agricultural Land in Poland in the First Years of New Millennium

Poland is characterized by a high relations, existing in the past, low level of overpopulation. Concentration of agricultural share of agricultural land in total surface. economic development, compared to the land is observed on areas with fertile soils This is the effect of the socio-economic countries of Western Europe, and rural and in the less industrialized central and eastern parts of the country. The lowest shares of agricultural land are observed on areas featuring natural conditions disadvantageous for farming, the highly forested North-Western Poland, and the areas characterized by high degree of industrialization and urbanization. The contemporary ownership structure in Poland is the effect of historical transformations of the social, economic and political relations. The pattern of the ownership structure developed over the centuries, and it is the resultant of the diverse socio-economic processes.

Islamic economics versus market economics： The concept of taxations

Taxation plays a major role in both market economics and Islamic economics. The difference is that in market economics, the tax system has evolved throughout the centuries in order to address the constant change in market-based societies. In Islamic economics, however, the tax system bases on the writings of the Qur＇an and the principles of shariah. As a result, it did not flourish as the needs of Islamic society changed. Therefore, governments in Islamic countries that seek to follow Islamic law are facing major economic challenges. Recently, some Islamic scholars have asserted that Islamic governments can go beyond the explicit instructions of the Qur＇an and impose taxes as needed. They justify their arguments based on the interpretation of Qur＇anic verses. This paper briefly compares both rationality and the methods of taxation in both market economics and Islamic economics, and further elaborates on the shortcomings of the original Islamic tax laws.

Marriage in Pre-lslamic Arabia as Reflected in Poetry and Prose： The Social and Humane Relations Between Husband and Wife

This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.