人感染猪链球菌病49例报告

目的：报告人感染猪链球菌病49例，探讨人感染猪链球菌病的诊治经验。方法：对49例人感染猪链球菌病病人的一般资料、临床表现、治疗等进行数理分析。结果与结论：49例均有宰杀、切割、清洗病死猪（肉）等病原直接接触史。起病急骤，临床主要表现为不同程度的畏寒、发热，伴头痛、头晕、全身不适、乏力、气促、腹痛、腹泻、昏迷等全身中毒症状，12例在感染性休克的基础上并发DIC、ARDS。49例中普通型25例，脑膜炎型15例，休克型5例，混合型4例。分离病原菌鏊定为猪链球菌2型。用青霉素、头孢曲松钠、头抱噻肟钠等治疗2～3周，7例死亡（休克型4例、混合型3例），42例复查血培养和脑脊液无菌生长，治愈出院。猪链球菌对青霉索，第1-3代头孢菌素、红霉素等药物均敏感，病程2～3周，大多预后良好。该组病例未见人传人的病例。

两同胞共患孤独症

孤独症是儿童广泛性发育障碍（PDD）的一种类型，以男性多见，起病于婴幼儿期，主要表现为言语发育障碍、人际交往障碍、兴趣狭窄和行为方式刻板。约3／4的患者伴有明显精神发育迟滞，部分患者在智力普遍低下的背景下，智力的某一方面相对较好或非常好。

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍与睡眠障碍

注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，ADHD）是指与同龄儿童相比，有明显的注意力集中困难、注意力持续时间短暂、活动过度或冲动的一组综合征。ADHD是儿童时期最常见的行为障碍，学龄儿童患病率为2％～10％。

Diverse plant mixtures sustain a greater arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore viability than monocultures after 12 years

Aims Intensive land management practices can compromise soil biodiversity,thus jeopardizing long-term soil productivity.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)play a pivotal role in promoting soil productivity through obligate symbiotic associations with plants.However,it is not clear how properties of plant communities,especially species richness and composition influence the viability of AMF populations in soils.Methods Here we test whether monocultures of eight plant species from different plant functional groups,or a diverse mixture of plant species,maintain more viable AMF propagules.To address this question,we extracted AMF spores from 12-year old plant monocultures and mixtures and paired single AMF spores with single plants in a factorial design crossing AMF spore origin with plant species identity.Important Findings AMF spores from diverse plant mixtures were more successful at colonizing multiple plant species and plant individuals than AMF spores from plant monocultures.Furthermore,we found evidence that AMF spores originating from diverse mixtures more strongly increased biomass than AMF from monocultures in the legume Trifolium repens L.AMF viability and ability to interact with many plant species were greater when AMF spores originated from 12-year old mixtures than monocultures.Our results show for the first time that diverse plant communities can sustain AMF viability in soils and demonstrate the potential of diverse plant communities to maintain viable AMF propagules that are a key component to soil health and productivity.

Pollination interactions reveal direct costs and indirect benefits of plant-plant facilitation for ecosystem engineers

Aims Ecosystem engineers substantially modify the environment via their impact on abiotic conditions and the biota,resulting in facilitation of associated species that would not otherwise grow.Yet,reciprocal effects are poorly understood as studies of plant–plant interactions usually estimate only benefits for associated species,while how another trophic level may mediate direct and indirect feedback effects for ecosystem engineers is hardly considered.Methods We ran a field experiment with two ecosystem engineers(Arenaria tetraquetra and Hormathophylla spinosa)blooming either alone or with associated plants to decompose net effects and to test the hypothesis that pollinator-mediated interactions provide benefits that balance costs of facilitation by ecosystem engineers.Important Findings We found that net costs of facilitation are accompanied by pollinator-mediated benefits.Despite ecosystem engineers producing fewer flowers per plant,they were visited by more and more diverse pollinators per flower when blooming with associated plants than when blooming alone.Although seed production per plant was higher when ecosystem engineers bloomed alone,fruit set and seed set varied between species.In one case(A.tetraquetra),fruit and seed sets were negatively affected by the presence of associated plants,whereas,in another case(H.spinosa),fruit set and seed set were higher and unaffected when ecosystem engineers bloomed with associated plants,respectively.Our findings suggest that besides experiencing direct costs,ecosystem engineers can also benefit from facilitating other species via increasing their own visibility to pollinators.Thus,we highlight that pollination interactions can compensate for costs of facilitation depending on ecosystem engineer species.This study illuminates how the outcome of direct plant–plant interactions might be mediated by indirect interactions including third players.

Physiological dormancy broken by endozoochory:Austral parakeets(Enicognathus ferrugineus)as legitimate dispersers of calafate(Berberis microphylla)in the Patagonian Andes

Aims Seed dispersal by endozoochory is an important process in plant regeneration and the establishment of new populations.Seeds with dormancy may especially benefit after disperser gut passage.However,the ways in which gut passage affect the germination of plant species with physiological dormancy remain unclear.Here,we experimentally assessed the mutualistic interaction between the Austral parakeet(Enicognathus ferrugineus)as a disperser of calafate(Berberis microphylla),a thorny bush inhabiting the understory of the Austral temperate forests of South America with seeds that are characterized by deep physiological dormancy.Methods Germination success and viability of calafate seeds obtained from faeces and from intact fruits were tested under four treatments:(i)digested seeds,(ii)digested seeds with faecal extract,(iii)intact seeds from fruit and(iv)intact seeds from fruit with pulp.Important Findings About 65%of the Austral parakeet droppings contained calafate seeds.Viability of seeds did not differ between treatments.However,germination was significantly higher in digested seeds than in intact seeds from fruits,while no difference was found between faecal and pulp extracts.Neither faecal matter nor fruit pulp provided seeds with any ecological advantages derived from enhancing germinability,but did confer some disadvantage in germination time.Faecal matter is expected to be completely lacking around seeds after several months under snow before germinating in the following spring,given intense washing due to persistent rain and the spring thaw in the Patagonian Andes.The higher germinability along with faster germination of digested seeds supports the hypothesis of a legitimate mutualistic interaction between Austral parakeets and calafate.We hypothesized that the passage through the disperser digestive tract might break physiological dormancy as differences in germinability between ingested and non-ingested seeds.Our results highlight the relevant role of endozoochory in plant species with physiological dormancy living in highly seasonal environments.