Ilha Grande Bay is one of the biggest producers of bivalves of Rio de Janeiro State. Statistics reports of foodborne diseases are quite low in Brazil, however, this fact is a matter of Public Health. In their majority...Ilha Grande Bay is one of the biggest producers of bivalves of Rio de Janeiro State. Statistics reports of foodborne diseases are quite low in Brazil, however, this fact is a matter of Public Health. In their majority concerning consumption of bivalves meat, the availability of safe products requires the use of technology as food irradiation. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the presence of bacteria resulting from the environmental contamination and epidemiological importance, Salmonella spp., total and faecal coliforms of mussel （Perna perna） from that region and the use of irradiation on the product in natura. Fifteen indicative samples of mussel were collected from five gr owing points in Ilha Grande Bay. A sample of each point was irradiated with doses of 1.0 and 1.5 kGy. The bacteriological analysis followed the instructions of the Brazilian legislation. The samples presented irregularities in relation to Salmonella spp. and faecal coliforms, the latter for the control group. The control group was noticed as not appropriate for consumption. The dose of 1.0 kGy was effective for the reduction of faecal coliforms, but ineffective for the extinction of Salmonella spp.展开更多
The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the glob...The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the global recognition,dynamic conservation and adaptive management of outstanding traditional agricultural systems and their associated landscapes,biodiversity,knowledge systems and cultures.There is anecdotal evidence that designated GIAHS are economically better than non-GIAHS sites.However,there have not been done an economic analysis to prove this.Nor are any sophisticated economic performance criteria for GIAHS in place for a continuously monitoring of the functioning.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to conduct an economic valuation for a GIAHS system versus a similar non designated GIAHS system.For this,a Cost-Benefit Analysis （CBA） is chosen.The major constraint is the data availability.Therefore,a framework for economic analysis shall be developed with the intention to provide directions,assumptions,and data requirement to carry out an economic analysis and so give guidance on future inclusion of economic valuations of GIAHS.Theconceptual framework for economic assessment will use the Rice-Fish pilot site in China as a case study.The example calculations on the rice-fish co-culture （RFC） have to be taken cautiously due to data availability on different activities （tourism,marketed products on local and international markets） as well as comparison to similar systems.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:Sub-optimal health status(SHS),in which a person's mind and body exists in a low-quality state of being between disease and health,has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored in China.SHS m...OBJECTIVE:Sub-optimal health status(SHS),in which a person's mind and body exists in a low-quality state of being between disease and health,has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored in China.SHS measurement presents a challenge to the academic fields.We developed and evaluated a questionnaire from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) that embodies the features of TCM syndrome diagnosis for measuring SHS in China.METHODS:The construction of the theoretical framework of the questionnaire was based on a literature review,an expert questionnaire survey and group interviews.The subscales and questionnaire items were screened through a pilot study using statistical means and qualitative analysis.Reliability tests that were used included test-retest reliability,Cronbach's α coefficient,split-half reliability;validity tests included content validity,criterion validity,discrimination validity and construct validity.RESULTS:The final questionnaire,the SHSQ-50,included 50 five-class quantifiable items that encompassed nine subscales:liver stagnation syndrome,liver-Qi deficiency syndrome,spleen-Qi deficiency syndrome,liver-fire syndrome,heart-fire syndrome,stomach-fire syndrome,heart-Qi deficiency syndrome,lung-Qi deficiency syndrome and dampness syndrome.Questionnaires were completed by 268 of the 288 SHS subjects(93.0%) and by 86 of the 94 healthy subjects(91.5%).The Cronbach α coefficients,split-half coefficients and stability coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.95,0.67 to 0.87 and 0.88 to 0.98,respectively,for the overall scores and subscales.The Wilcoxon rank test showed statistically significant differences in the subscales and overall scores between the SHS group and the healthy group(P<0.01).Twelve factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were extracted by factor analysis and merged into nine factors,for which the cumulative contribution rate was 63.63%.The nine factors were corresponded to the overall structure of the questionnaire.CONCLUSION:The SHSQ-50 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring TCM syndrome diagnosis of SHS in China.展开更多
文摘Ilha Grande Bay is one of the biggest producers of bivalves of Rio de Janeiro State. Statistics reports of foodborne diseases are quite low in Brazil, however, this fact is a matter of Public Health. In their majority concerning consumption of bivalves meat, the availability of safe products requires the use of technology as food irradiation. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the presence of bacteria resulting from the environmental contamination and epidemiological importance, Salmonella spp., total and faecal coliforms of mussel （Perna perna） from that region and the use of irradiation on the product in natura. Fifteen indicative samples of mussel were collected from five gr owing points in Ilha Grande Bay. A sample of each point was irradiated with doses of 1.0 and 1.5 kGy. The bacteriological analysis followed the instructions of the Brazilian legislation. The samples presented irregularities in relation to Salmonella spp. and faecal coliforms, the latter for the control group. The control group was noticed as not appropriate for consumption. The dose of 1.0 kGy was effective for the reduction of faecal coliforms, but ineffective for the extinction of Salmonella spp.
基金FAO/GEF project(GCP/GLO/212/GEF)National Public Benefit(Environmental) Research Foundation of China(201009020)Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists(Grant No.Y0S00100KD)
文摘The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the global recognition,dynamic conservation and adaptive management of outstanding traditional agricultural systems and their associated landscapes,biodiversity,knowledge systems and cultures.There is anecdotal evidence that designated GIAHS are economically better than non-GIAHS sites.However,there have not been done an economic analysis to prove this.Nor are any sophisticated economic performance criteria for GIAHS in place for a continuously monitoring of the functioning.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to conduct an economic valuation for a GIAHS system versus a similar non designated GIAHS system.For this,a Cost-Benefit Analysis （CBA） is chosen.The major constraint is the data availability.Therefore,a framework for economic analysis shall be developed with the intention to provide directions,assumptions,and data requirement to carry out an economic analysis and so give guidance on future inclusion of economic valuations of GIAHS.Theconceptual framework for economic assessment will use the Rice-Fish pilot site in China as a case study.The example calculations on the rice-fish co-culture （RFC） have to be taken cautiously due to data availability on different activities （tourism,marketed products on local and international markets） as well as comparison to similar systems.
基金Supported by China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(30825046)the National High Technology Research and Development Grant(863 program, 2008AA02Z406)the Program for Innovative Research Team at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (2011CXTD-07)
文摘OBJECTIVE:Sub-optimal health status(SHS),in which a person's mind and body exists in a low-quality state of being between disease and health,has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored in China.SHS measurement presents a challenge to the academic fields.We developed and evaluated a questionnaire from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) that embodies the features of TCM syndrome diagnosis for measuring SHS in China.METHODS:The construction of the theoretical framework of the questionnaire was based on a literature review,an expert questionnaire survey and group interviews.The subscales and questionnaire items were screened through a pilot study using statistical means and qualitative analysis.Reliability tests that were used included test-retest reliability,Cronbach's α coefficient,split-half reliability;validity tests included content validity,criterion validity,discrimination validity and construct validity.RESULTS:The final questionnaire,the SHSQ-50,included 50 five-class quantifiable items that encompassed nine subscales:liver stagnation syndrome,liver-Qi deficiency syndrome,spleen-Qi deficiency syndrome,liver-fire syndrome,heart-fire syndrome,stomach-fire syndrome,heart-Qi deficiency syndrome,lung-Qi deficiency syndrome and dampness syndrome.Questionnaires were completed by 268 of the 288 SHS subjects(93.0%) and by 86 of the 94 healthy subjects(91.5%).The Cronbach α coefficients,split-half coefficients and stability coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.95,0.67 to 0.87 and 0.88 to 0.98,respectively,for the overall scores and subscales.The Wilcoxon rank test showed statistically significant differences in the subscales and overall scores between the SHS group and the healthy group(P<0.01).Twelve factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were extracted by factor analysis and merged into nine factors,for which the cumulative contribution rate was 63.63%.The nine factors were corresponded to the overall structure of the questionnaire.CONCLUSION:The SHSQ-50 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring TCM syndrome diagnosis of SHS in China.
