一例共肝剑脐联体婴儿体桥松弛术的护理

总结一例共肝剑脐联体婴儿体桥松弛术的护理。术前通过加强喂养,增加体重,保护受压部位皮肤,预防交叉感染等综合护理措施,同时在体桥下垫小枕逐步增加小枕高度,垫高体桥,依靠重力牵拉加持续头部体位牵引,增加皮肤和体桥张力,达到术中无张力分离,减少联体儿术后高张力缝合等引起的并发症,提高联体婴儿分离术后存活率。

一例共肝剑脐连体婴儿围手术期护理探讨

总结1例共肝剑脐连体婴儿实施分离术的围手术期护理。术前采用胸腹连接部位皮肤延展护理、加强营养、增加体重、保护受压部位皮肤及控制感染等综合措施,术后对肝脏功能、循环功能、胃肠功能、呼吸功能进行监测及精心护理,术后5天转入普通病房,术后17天痊愈出院,效果良好。

阻断B7/CD28共刺激通路抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的研究

目的:建立大鼠原位肝移植(ROLT)急性排斥反应模型,观察细胞毒淋巴细胞抗原4免疫球蛋白(CTLA-4Ig)在大鼠肝移植术后对共刺激分子B7-1/B7-2的影响及其抗排斥反应的作用。方法:采用"二袖套管"法先行建立DA-Lewis大鼠组合肝移植急性排斥反应模型,随机分为对照组(A组)与实验组(B组)两组,于肝移植术后48h每只受体大鼠腹腔内一次性注射CTLA-4Ig 75μg,分别于术后3、5、7和10d采用RT-PCR检测B7-1和B7-2 mRNA在两组肝脏组织中的表达情况,并同时观察其肝功能变化。结果:1)B7-1和B7-2 mRNA在A组高水平表达,而在B组表达明显降低(P<0.01);2)B组动物术后未见明显排斥反应,血清ALT、TBIL和DBIL水平明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:移植术后应用CTLA-4Ig可以降低肝组织中B7-1和B7-2的表达;动态检测B7分子的表达有助于观察肝移植排斥反应的进程。

王松龄教授从肝、脾、肾共治多发性硬化经验

王松龄教授是第五、第六批全国老中医药专家学术继承工作及学位指导老师兼中医师承博士生导师,国家中医药管理局全国名老中医药专家传承工作室指导老师,国家中医药管理局脑病重点专科河南省中医院脑病专科学术带头人。多发性硬化是一种以中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘病变为主要特点的免疫介导性疾病,病变主要累及白质。王老认为,多发性硬化病因病机复杂,发病与五脏均有关,但肝、脾、肾三脏功能紊乱与失衡是病变的核心,三脏虚弱,运转失常,配合失和,化生痰瘀阻气滞血,导致疾病缠绵难愈,痼疾难医。基于此病机,王老治疗时主张肝、脾、肾同治,坚持病证结合,根据病情发展变化灵活运用经方,辨证调整用药,防治结合,先汤后丸,以巩固疗效、防病来复,可有效改善患者症状,减少复发。此为中医治疗多发性硬化的探索提供了新思路。

陈洪宇基于“乙癸同源,肝肾共治”理论治疗糖尿病肾病的经验

[目的]总结陈洪宇教授基于"乙癸同源,肝肾共治"理论治疗糖尿病肾病的临床经验。[方法]通过跟师临证,整理分析陈师治疗糖尿病肾病的用药经验,从理论依据、治则治法、临证用药特色等三个层面介绍其治疗糖尿病肾病的临床经验,并附一则验案加以佐证。[结果]陈师认为把握肝肾两者的关系是研究糖尿病肾病的关键,肝和肾生理上相互配合、病理上相互影响;糖尿病肾病可分为肝肾亏虚型、肝郁气滞型、气滞水停型、瘀血阻络型等。针对不同的病因病机,陈师以顾护肝肾阴液为根本大法,以活血化瘀法贯穿始终,立法清晰,辨证准确,用药精准,效果显著。所举验案为瘀血阻络型糖尿病肾病,治宜行气活血、化瘀通络,方选加味桃红四物汤为底,随证加减,疗效显著。[结论]陈师治疗糖尿病肾病谨守肝肾共治之法,辨证清晰,施药精准,疗效明显,其经验有较高的临床指导意义,值得推广应用。

2型糖尿病合并多代谢紊乱态靶综合治验1例——仝小林院士教学查房实录

以广安门医院内分泌科中2型糖尿病合并多代谢紊乱案患者为例,邀请仝小林院士进行教学查房,对早中期2型糖尿病合并多代谢紊乱的中医认识、疾病发展与转归、诊疗要点进行阐述。仝小林院士强调肥胖是脾瘅的基石、分类-分期-分证辨治糖尿病、糖肝共治2型糖尿病合并代谢相关脂肪性肝病;治疗上注重运用靶方靶药,关注有效剂量,预防果态,防治脉损,态靶辨治,提高临床疗效。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病从脑论治刍议

随着我国经济水平提高,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(脂肪肝)已经成为我国最重要公共卫生问题之一。目前,脂肪肝的中西医治疗均缺乏安全高效的药物。新的治疗实践提示我们应该注意脑神在脂肪肝形成过程中的重要作用。中医学认为脑神为生命主宰,可统摄五脏。现代医学也发现脑肠轴的重要作用。无论是传统服食辟谷的实践还是针对食欲中枢调控的现代研究,均支持从脑调肝的可行性。基于前期实践,我们提出脂肪肝的治疗不应局限于五脏系统,更应重视中医脑神的调控。脑神为本,肝脾为标,痰热瘀血为末。通过调神,达到抑食欲、促运动和最终治愈脂肪肝的目标。脑肝同治理论或许是未来破解脂肪肝治疗困局的关键思路。

“肝开窍于目”启示下的肝目“四共特征”与研究思路

“肝开窍于目”理论最早见于《黄帝内经》,是古人对肝和目联接关系的总结。“肝开窍于目”理论认为肝目具有“共损伤-共修复”特点,临床发现肝病目疾常常伴随出现,肝目同治是理想选择,实现肝目共治的关键在于解析其药效物质基础及作用机制。随着现代医学的发展,越来越多的证据表明肝目之间在生理、病理诸多方面存在十分复杂而密切的联系。在病理状态下,肝目“共损伤”,中药干预后肝目“共修复”,而肝目“共损伤-共修复”可通过“共物质基础-共作用机制”解释。基于此,课题组从中医理论内涵、临床实践与分子生物学等方面探索性提出肝目具有“共损伤-共修复-共物质基础-共作用机制”特征,即“四共特征”(4CCs),并以清肝明目中药夏枯草干预免疫性肝损伤(ILI)和过敏性结膜炎(AC)为例,浅析肝目“四共特征”的研究思路。该文期冀深入解析“肝开窍于目”理论的科学内涵,揭示肝目共性特征及生物学实质,探索建立一种“肝目同治”研究新范式,为多器官关联疾病共性问题研究提供可借鉴的研究思路。

黄彬辨治慢性萎缩性胃炎之经验探析

慢性萎缩性胃炎为难治性消化系疾病,病情反复迁延,属于癌前病变之一。黄彬教授认为,慢性萎缩性胃炎属虚实夹杂之证,“正虚”主要是脾气虚、胃阴虚,“邪实”主要表现为气滞、肝郁、血瘀、湿热和浊毒;病位在胃,与肝、脾、心密切相关。针对慢性萎缩性胃炎的临床治疗,黄彬教授提出了补益脾胃固其本、肝脾共治气机畅、心胃同调母子和、活血化瘀贯始终、宏观与微观辨证结合分期辨治、调理饮食及情志的六大辨治法则,自拟消萎化肠方(主要由黄芪、党参、白术、茯苓、海螵蛸、醋三棱、蒲公英、醋延胡索、醋莪术、半枝莲、白花蛇舌草、麦冬、甘草等组成)为治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎的基础方,并在此基础上酌加化瘀消癥、清热解毒、益气养阴之品,以有效抑制胃黏膜萎缩的进一步进展。针对脾胃病的辨治,黄彬教授强调,其根本在于助其自复功用,勿犯虚虚实实之戒。

Magnetic resonance imaging of portal vein invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma:A corroboration of 25 cases

AIMS Pre-operatively to assess tumor thrombus as- sociated with hepatocellular carcinoma in the portal vein. METHEDS Twenty-five patients diagnosed as hav- ing thrombus due to hepatocellular carcinoma were corroborated. MR imaging was perfomed with a 1.0T superconducting magnetic system. Both T1 and T2 weighed images and FLASH sequences were obtained in transverse plane. Additional FLASH images were ob- tained in coronal plane. RESULTS Thrombus in portal vein had a signal in- tensity similar to that of the main tumors. Intrinsic por- tal vein thrombus was in 16 patients. Six cases showed occlusive thrombus. Diffusely narrow portal branches were found in 3 patients. Portal venous thrombus showed an area of signal intensity which was replacing the normal flow void in the portal vein and showed a stumpy portal vein,irregular stenosis of portal vein and the formation of vascular net. CONCLUSION MRI was more sensitive and specific and a noninvasive method in detection of portal tumor thrombus used jointly with spin ech (SE) and gradient echo (GRE) techniques.

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the liver:A report of two cases and review of the literature

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a rare tumor which arises from mesenchymal tissues. It is predominant in the uterus,but very rare in the liver. To the best of our knowledge,less than 5 cases of PEComa of the liver have been reported. Herein we present two pathologically proven cases of PEComa of the liver,retrospectively analyze their clinical and imaging features,and review the literature.

IN VIVO ~1 H MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN EVALUATION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS EARLY RESPONSE TO TRANSCATHETER ARTERIAL CHEMOEMBOLIZATION

Objective To investigate the value of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy （MRS） in the assessment of hepatocelhilar carcinoma （HCC） and monitor its metabolic change shortly after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （TACE）. Mothoda In this prospective study, 28 consecutive patients with large HCC （ ≥3 cm in diameter） confirmed by fine needle aspiration biopsy were recruited. The ^1H MRS of all hepatic lesions and some uninvolved liver parenchyma were performed with 1.5T whole body MR scanner. Among them, 15 cases were evaluated again about one week after TACE. The main metabolites such as choline and lipid before and after interventional therapy were measured to assess the early response of the tumor. The technical success rate of IH MRS in liver was high （33/41, 80% ）, closely related to breath motion, location of lesion, and size of voxeL In spectra, the choline compound peak of HCC elevated compared with uninvolved liver parenchyma. After TACE, both the amplitude and the area of choline resonance peak significantly descended （ choline-to-lipid ratios from 0.352±0. 080 to 0. 167±0. 030, P = 0. 026; from 0. 205±0. 060 to 0. 070±0. 020, P = 0. 042, respectively ） ; yet lipid resonance peak ascended. Conclusions In vivo tH MRS is technically feasible for the evaluation of large focal hepatic lesions, however, the reproducibility and stability are not as good as routine MR scan. IH MRS can monitor the early stage metabolic changes of HCC after TACE but limitation like quantification still exists.

Characteristics and pathological mechanism on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging after chemoembolization in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model

AIM: To investigate dynamic characteristics and pathological mechanism of signal in rabbit VX-2 tumor model on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) after chemoembolization. METHODS: Forty New Zealand rabbits were included in the study and forty-seven rabbit VX-2 tumor models were raised by implanting directly and intrahepatically after abdominal cavity opened. Forty VX-2 tumor models from them were divided into four groups. DWI was performed periodically and respectively for each group after chemoembolization. All VX-2 tumor samples of each group were studied by pathology. The distinction of VX-2 tumors on DWI was assessed by their apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. The statistical significance between different time groups, different area groups or different b-value groups was calculated by using SPSS12.0 software. RESULTS: Under b-value of 100 s/mm2, ADC values were lowest at 16 h after chemoembolization in area of VX-2 tumor periphery, central, and normal liver parenchyma around tumor, but turned to increase with further elongation of chemoembolization treatment. The distinction of ADC between different time groups was significant respectively (F = 7.325, P < 0.001; F = 2.496, P < 0.048; F = 6.856, P < 0.001). Cellular edema in the area of VX-2 tumor periphery or normal liver parenchyma around tumor, increased quickly in sixteen h after chemoembolization but, from the 16th h to the 48th h, cellular edema in the area of normal liver parenchyma around tumor decreased gradually and that in the area of VX-2 tumor periphery decreased lightly at, and then increased continually. After chemoembolization, Cellular necrosis in the area of VX-2 tumor periphery was more significantly high than that before chemoembolization. The areas of dead cells in VX-2 tumors manifested low signal and high ADC value, while the areas of viable cells manifested high signal and low ADC value. CONCLUSION: DWI is able to detect and differentiate tumor necrotic areas from viable cellular areas before and after chemoembolization. ADC of normal liver parenchyma and VX-2 tumor are influenced by intracellular edema, tissue cellular death and microcirculation disturbance after chemoembolization.

Nerve growth factor involvement in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To define NGF (nerve growth factor) and its high- affinity receptor trkANGF presence and distribution in fibrotic liver and in HCC, and to verify if NGF might have a role in fibrosis and HCC. METHODS: Intracellular distribution of NGF and trkANGF were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immuno- electron microscopy in liver specimens from HCC, cirrhosis or both. ELISA was used to measure circulating NGF levels. RESULTS: NGF and trkANGF were highly expressed in HCC tissue, mainly localized in hepatocytes, endothelial and some Kupffer cells. In the cirrhotic part of the liver they were also markedly expressed in bile ducts epithelial and spindle-shaped cells. Surprisingly, in cirrhotic tissue from patients without HCC, both NGF and trkANGF were negative. NGF serum levels in cirrhotic and/or HCC patient were up to 25-fold higher than in controls. CONCLUSION: NGF was only detected in liver tissue with HCC present. Intracellular distribution suggests paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of action. Better definition of mechanisms may allow for therapeutic and diagnostic/prognostic use of NGF.

Ferucarbotran versus Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging in the detection of focal hepatic lesions

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of ferucarbotran-enhanced MR imaging in the detection of focal hepatic lesions compared to plain and Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with suspected focal hepatic lesions were admitted to the study. Plain MR imaging (FSE T2WI with fat suppression and GRE T1WI sequences) and Gd-DTPA dynamic enhanced MR of the liver were initially performed followed by ferucarbotran- enhanced MR imaging 48 h later (including GRE T1WI, FSE T2WI with fat suppression, and GRE T2*WI sequences). Images were reviewed independently by three observers. Results were correlated with surgery and pathologic examination or reference examination, and sensitivity was statistically calculated for the different MR imaging sequences. RESULTS: Among all confirmed lesions (n = 133), ferucarbotran-enhanced MR imaging revealed 130 lesions on FSE T2WI with fat suppression, 115 lesions on dynamic T1WI GRE, and 127 lesions on GRE T2*WI. Pre-contrast MR imaging revealed only 84 lesions on GRE T1WI and 106 lesions on FSE T2WI with fat suppression, while Gd-DTPA dynamic enhanced GRE T1WI revealed 123 lesions. For 44 micro-lesions (< 1.0 cm) in all patients the detection rates were as follows: ferucarbotran-enhanced FSE T2WI with fat suppression, 93.2% (41/44); ferucarbotran-enhanced GRE T2*WI, 88.6% (39/44); Gd-DTPA dynamic-enhanced GRE T1WI, 79.5% (35/44); pre-contrast FSE T2WI with fat suppression, 54.5% (24/44); and pre-contrast GRE T1WI, 34.1% (15/44). In detecting micro-lesions, statistically significant difference was found for Ferucarbotran- enhanced FSE T2WI with fat suppression and GRE T2*WI sequences compared to the other sequences (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Ferucarbotran-enhanced FSE T2WI with fat suppression and GRE T2*WI sequences are superior in detecting micro-lesions (< 1 cm) in comparison with plain and Gd-DTPA dynamic-enhanced MR imaging.

1~H NMR-based serum metabolic profiling in compensatedand decompensated cirrhosis

AIM: To study the metabolic profiling of serum samples from compensated and decompensated cirrhosis patients. METHODS: A pilot metabolic profiling study was conducted using three groups: compensated cirrhosis patients (n = 30), decompensated cirrhosis patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30). A 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics approach was used to obtain the serum metabolic profiles of the samples. The acquired data were processed by multivariate principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). RESULTS: The OPLS-DA model was capable of distinguishing between decompensated and compensated cirrhosis patients, with an R2Y of 0.784 and a Q2Y of 0.598. Twelve metabolites, such as pyruvate, phenylala-nine and succinate, were identified as the most influential factors for the difference between the two groups. The validation of the diagnosis prediction showed that the accuracy of the OPLS-DA model was 85% (17/20). CONCLUSION: 1H NMR spectra combined with pattern recognition analysis techniques offer a new way to diagnose compensated and decompensated cirrhosis in the future.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in Budd-Chiari syndrome:A single center experience with long-term follow-up in South Korea

AIM:To evaluate long-term clinical course of BuddChiari syndrome(BCS) and predictive factors associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and survival.METHODS:We analyzed 67 patients with BCS between June 1988 and May 2008.The diagnosis of BCS was confirmed by hepatic venous outflow obstruction shown on abdominal ultrasound sonography,computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,or venography.The median follow-up period was 103 ± 156 [interquartile range(IQR)] mo.RESULTS:The median age of the patients was 47 ± 16(IQR) years.At diagnosis,54 patients had cirrhosis,25(37.3%) Child-Pugh class A,23(34.3%) Child-Pugh class B,and six(9.0%) patients Child-Pugh class C.During the follow-up period,HCC was developed in 17 patients,and the annual incidence of HCC in patients with BCS was 2.8%.Patients in HCC group(n = 17) had higher hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG) than those in non-HCC group(n = 50)(21 ± 12 mmHg vs 14 ± 7 mmHg,P = 0.019).The survival rate of BCS patients was 86.2% for 5 years,73.8% for 10 years,and 61.2% for 15 years.In patients with BCS and HCC,survival was 79% for 5 years,43.1% for 10 years,and 21.5% for 15 years.CONCLUSION:The incidence of HCC in patients with BCS was similar to that in patients with other etiologic cirrhosis in South Korea.The HVPG is expected to provide additional information for predicting HCC development in BCS patients.

Quantitative evaluation of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of focal hepatic lesions

AIM: To explore the quantitative analysis of diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) in differential diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions.METHODS: DWMRI was performed in 149 hepatic lesions, including hepatocellular carcinoma (34 cases),hepatic metastases (37 cases), cavernous hemangioma (42 cases), hepatic cyst (36 cases). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were evaluated using four different b values in different sequences. The ratio of ADC values of lesion/liver in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic metastases was also calculated.RESULTS: The mean ADC values of hepatic lesions were as follows: hepatocellular carcinoma (0.95 ± 0.11) × 10-3 mm2/s, hepatic metastasis (1.13 ± 0.21)× 10-3 mm2/s, cavernous hemangioma (1.86±0.36)×10-3 mm2/s,hepatic cyst(3.14±0.31)×10-3 mm2/s. The ratio of ADC values in lesion/liver in hepatocellular carcinoma was 0.91 ±0.11, being significantly different from that in hepatic metastasis (1.21 ± 0.18, P＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: ADC values and quantitative analysis of focal hepatic lesions are of significant values in differential diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions.

Primary clear cell carcinoma in the liver: CT and MRI findings

AIM: To retrospectively analyze the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of primary clear cell carcinoma of the liver (PCCCL) and compare the imaging appearances of PCCCL and common type hepatocellular carcinoma (CHCC) to determine whether any differences exist between the two groups. METHODS: Twenty cases with pathologically proven PCCCL and 127 cases with CHCC in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were included in this study. CT or MRI images from these patients were retrospectively analyzed. The following imaging findings were reviewed: the presence of liver cirrhosis, tumor size, the enhancement pattern on dynamic contrast scanning, the presence of pseudo capsules, tumor rupture, portal vein thrombosis and lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Both PCCCL and CHCC were prone to occur in patients with liver cirrhosis, the association rate of liver cirrhosis was 80.0% and 78.7%, respectively (P > 0.05). The mean sizes of PCCCL and CHCC tumors were (7.28 ± 4.25) cm and (6.96 ± 3.98) cm, respectively. Small HCCs were found in 25.0% (5/20) of PCCCL and 19.7% (25/127) of CHCC cases. No significant differences in mean size and ratio of small HCCs were found between the two groups (P = 0.658 and 0.803, respectively). Compared with CHCC patients, PCCCL patients were more prone to form pseudo capsules (49.6% vs 75.0%, P = 0.034). Tumor rupture, typical HCC enhancement patterns and portal vein tumor thrombosis were detected in 15.0% (3/20), 72.2% (13/18) and 20.0% (4/20) of patients with PCCCL and 3.1% (4/127), 83.6% (97/116) and 17.3% (22/127) of patients with CHCC, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups (all P > 0.05). No patients with PCCCL and 2.4% (3/127) of patients with CHCC showed signs of lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The imaging characteristics of PCCCL are similar to those of CHCC and could be useful for differentiating these from other liver tumors (such as hemangioma and hepatic metastases). PCCCLs are more prone than CHCCs to form pseudo capsules.