PPP项目关系性规则对合作行为的影响研究——被调节的中介模型

为探究PPP项目关系性规则对合作行为的内在作用机理,本文构建以信任为中介变量,外部环境不确定性、资产专用性为情境边界条件的研究模型。对参与PPP项目全过程的管理人员进行问卷调研并利用结构方程模型(SEM)进行数据分析。实证结果表明:(1)信任在关系性规则与合作行为之间发挥完全中介作用,计算型信任的中介效果显著大于关系型信任;(2)外部环境不确定性负向调节关系性规则与信任之间的关系,并且负向调节信任的中介作用。(3)资产专用性正向调节关系性规则与信任之间的关系,并且正向调节信任的中介作用。最后,根据实证结果对公私伙伴双方的成功合作提出相关建议,期望为现代项目管理实践提供重要参考。

关系契约理论研究述评

关系契约理论是伴随着标准契约理论对现实的解释无力而产生的,并逐渐成为法学、经济学、管理学研究的焦点问题。关系契约理论从交易的社会关系嵌入性出发,认为交易各方在长期合作中可以不追求对契约的所有细节达成一致,而仅订立一个具有灵活性和适应性的契约。与正式契约依赖法律执行不同,关系契约的执行依赖于契约方未来合作的价值和对自身声誉的关注,以及在合作中形成的信任、柔性、团结和信息交换等关系性规则。关系契约可以在社会法律制度不完善情况下代替正式契约发挥作用,在交易细节不可验证的情况下激励专有性投资,利用关系性规则实现治理并作用降低交易成本。关系契约理论也存在一些争论及问题,如对于关系契约治理与正式契约治理之间关系仍然不明确,关系契约激励中的均衡结果仍需进一步提炼,关系契约治理与关系契约激励两方面研究尚待沟通,这也为学者未来研究提供了启示。

人工智能伦理规范是什么类型的规范？——从《儒家机器人伦理》说开去

人工智能伦理规范的制定是人工智能研究领域的重大议题,大多数人都遵循一种"理想规则主义"的设计思路。然而,这种思路在理论上无法成立,在实践中会带来更大风险,其深层预设是看待人工智能的工具主义态度。实际上,基于因果推理模型的人工智能具有真正意义上的自主性,有充分的理由被赋予道德主体的资格。因此,设置一种关系性规则才能更好地处理人工智能的伦理问题,这要求它们能够为自己的行为负责,而重要条件就是人工智能主体拥有一定程度的产权。

A Deadlock-Avoidance Dispatching Method for Multiple-Load AGVs Based Transportation System

In recent years,multiple-load automatic guided vehicle(AGV)is increasingly used in the logistics transportation fields,owing to the advantages of smaller fleet size and fewer occurrences of traffic congestion.However,one main challenge lies in the deadlock-avoidance for the dispatching process of a multiple-load AGV system.To prevent the system from falling into a deadlock,a strategy of keeping the number of jobs in the system(NJIS)at a low level is adopted in most existing literatures.It is noteworthy that a low-level NJIS will make the processing machine easier to be starved,thereby reducing the system efficiency unavoidably.The motivation of the paper is to develop a deadlock-avoidance dispatching method for a multiple-load AGV system operating at a high NJIS level.Firstly,the deadlock-avoidance dispatching method is devised by incorporating a deadlock-avoidance strategy into a dispatching procedure that contains four sub-problems.In this strategy,critical tasks are recognized according to the status of workstation buffers,and then temporarily forbidden to avoid potential deadlocks.Secondly,three multiattribute dispatching rules are designed for system efficiency,where both the traveling distance and the buffer status are taken into account.Finally,a simulation system is developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed deadlock-avoidance strategy and dispatching rules at different NJIS levels.The experimental results demonstrate that our deadlock-avoidance dispatching method can improve the system efficiency at a high NJIS level and the adaptability to various system settings,while still avoiding potential deadlocks.

The Applicability of the Density Rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer and the Rule Based on Linear Isopiestic Relation

The applicability of the density rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer and the rule based on the linear isopiestic relation is studied by comparison with experimental density data in the literature. Predicted and measured values for 18 electrolyte mixtures are compared. The two rules are good for mixtures with and without common ions, including those containing associating ions. The deviations of the rule based on the linear isopiestic relation are slightly higher for the mixtures involving very strong ion complexes, but the predictions are still quite satisfactory.The density rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer is more accurate for these mixtures. However, it is not applicable for mixtures containing non-electrolytes. The rule based on the linear isopiestic relation is extended to mixtures involving non-electrolytes. The predictions for the mixtures containing both electrolytes and non-electrolytes and the non-electrolyte mixtures are accurate. All these results indicate that this rule is a widely applicable approach.