Direction relation is an important spatial relation. Descriptions and representations for direction relations have different levels of detail because of the varying dimensions of spatial objects and different scales o...Direction relation is an important spatial relation. Descriptions and representations for direction relations have different levels of detail because of the varying dimensions of spatial objects and different scales of the embedding spaces. Based on a direction- relation matrix, the hierarchical frame of spatial direction relations which partitions direction relations orderly and thoroughly is built. Interior direction relations are used to perfect the representation of direction relations and the binary-encoding idea is creatively applied to construct an interior detailed matrix describing multiple interior direction relations by a uniform matrix. The model integrates topological information into the description model for direction relations, which will lay the foundations of spatial compositive reasoning.展开更多
Nineteen taxa representing 10 genera of Sisoridae were subjected to phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for the nuclear genes Plagl2 and ADNP and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. The three data sets were analyz...Nineteen taxa representing 10 genera of Sisoridae were subjected to phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for the nuclear genes Plagl2 and ADNP and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. The three data sets were analyzed separately and combined into a single data set to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Chinese sisorids. Both Chinese Sisoridae as a whole and the glyptosternoid taxa formed monophyletic groups. The genus Pseudecheneis is likely to be the earliest diverging extant genus among the Chinese Sisoridae. The four Pareuchiloglanis species included in the study formed a monophyletic group. Glaridoglanis was indicated to be earliest diverging glyptosternoid, followed by Glyptosternon maculatum and Exostoma labiatum. Our data supported the conclusion that Oreoglanis and Pseudexostoma both formed a monophyletic group. On the basis of the fossil record and the results of a molecular dating analysis, we estimated that the Sisoridae diverged in the late Miocene about 12.2 Mya. The glyptosternoid clade was indicated to have diverged, also in the late Miocene, about 10.7 Mya, and the more specialized glyptosternoid genera, such as Pareuchiloglanis, originated in the Pleistocene (within 1.9 Mya). The speciation of glyptosternoid fishes is hypothesized to be closely related with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Causation is a distinct concept from association and more important than association inepidemiologic studies.This paper proposes the concept of uniform non-confounding for causal distributioneffects over multiple cova...Causation is a distinct concept from association and more important than association inepidemiologic studies.This paper proposes the concept of uniform non-confounding for causal distributioneffects over multiple covariates,and gives the sufficient conditions for uniform non-confoundingover a covariate set C including confounders or non-confounders,and also shows the conditions forconditionally non-confounding in the subpopulations.All these conditions can be tested by observeddata.展开更多
文摘Direction relation is an important spatial relation. Descriptions and representations for direction relations have different levels of detail because of the varying dimensions of spatial objects and different scales of the embedding spaces. Based on a direction- relation matrix, the hierarchical frame of spatial direction relations which partitions direction relations orderly and thoroughly is built. Interior direction relations are used to perfect the representation of direction relations and the binary-encoding idea is creatively applied to construct an interior detailed matrix describing multiple interior direction relations by a uniform matrix. The model integrates topological information into the description model for direction relations, which will lay the foundations of spatial compositive reasoning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31090254)
文摘Nineteen taxa representing 10 genera of Sisoridae were subjected to phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for the nuclear genes Plagl2 and ADNP and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. The three data sets were analyzed separately and combined into a single data set to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Chinese sisorids. Both Chinese Sisoridae as a whole and the glyptosternoid taxa formed monophyletic groups. The genus Pseudecheneis is likely to be the earliest diverging extant genus among the Chinese Sisoridae. The four Pareuchiloglanis species included in the study formed a monophyletic group. Glaridoglanis was indicated to be earliest diverging glyptosternoid, followed by Glyptosternon maculatum and Exostoma labiatum. Our data supported the conclusion that Oreoglanis and Pseudexostoma both formed a monophyletic group. On the basis of the fossil record and the results of a molecular dating analysis, we estimated that the Sisoridae diverged in the late Miocene about 12.2 Mya. The glyptosternoid clade was indicated to have diverged, also in the late Miocene, about 10.7 Mya, and the more specialized glyptosternoid genera, such as Pareuchiloglanis, originated in the Pleistocene (within 1.9 Mya). The speciation of glyptosternoid fishes is hypothesized to be closely related with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation China under Grant Nos. 10801019 and 10726037
文摘Causation is a distinct concept from association and more important than association inepidemiologic studies.This paper proposes the concept of uniform non-confounding for causal distributioneffects over multiple covariates,and gives the sufficient conditions for uniform non-confoundingover a covariate set C including confounders or non-confounders,and also shows the conditions forconditionally non-confounding in the subpopulations.All these conditions can be tested by observeddata.
