专家搜索中关系证据的重要性研究

系统地研究了查询词与候选人在文档中的距离和顺序关系对专家搜索算法准确率的影响。首先在概率语言模型的框架下提出了顺序核函数来建模顺序关系证据;然后进一步提出两种对不同关系证据进行统一建模的概率框架,并通过在TREC标准数据集上的对比实验,探索了结合两种关系证据进行专家搜索的可行性。实验结果表明,距离和顺序关系证据对专家搜索系统的准确率提高能力相近,而对它们的适当结合可以获得比单独利用其中任何一种更好的效果。

刑事诉讼中程序与证据关系再审视——评“程序二元、证据一体”理论模型

有学者提出的“程序二元、证据一体”理论模型面临着显著的可行性障碍。作为程序与证据关系集中典型的举证责任规则,有着程序性基调、权力制约性与权利配置性、在程序法和实体法之间的链接功能以及与法律事实的紧密关系,据以透视程序对证据的基本规制形态。证据、程序规则具有抽象性,证据制度的结构性与非结构性,技术性规定的建构性等特征。程序与证据关系的演进趋势与恒定因素统一于程序对证据规制作用的不断强化,体现着法律价值目标和政策指引的底层作用。陈光中教授“动态平衡诉讼观”基本理论与价值,阐发、强调了刑事诉讼法领域内诸多重要平衡关系的动态建构的意义。因而“程序二元,证据一体”主要障碍在于过分强调证据的相对独立性,实现“证据一体”必须基于相类的程序环境土壤。

重新认识证据和不完全决定性

在证据关系的问题上,持非充分决定性观点者认为,数据不能完全决定假说评价。一部分哲学家认为,非充分决定性可以表达为多重经验等价的不相容理论的可能性问题,而反对者则将问题转换为诸如未被考虑的替代物观点等,但他们都将问题看作是多重理论的有效性。这种解释可被称为对非充分决定性问题的整体论解释,但是这种解释不能完全解决这个问题,而通过对科学知识的社会解释则能提供对非充分决定性问题的一些解决方案。科学哲学家的任务就是去理解,科学共同体如何运作从而最小化由非充分决定性带来的对可靠性威胁,以及能以清楚表达规范的方式发展我们的科学认识论,这些规范可应用于该共同体实践。即使面对新形式的非充分决定性,知识的社会解释也有资源来完成这两项任务。

证据关系、相对性与可靠主义

一般认为认识的相对主义不属于严谨的理智判断。然而,这种有着认识相对性的立场表达同样有其基本的理由,并且不能否认其中存在相应的证据支持关系,即便这样的理由可能未必非常清晰、明确。传统的立场往往将这样的证据关系视为普遍先天可知,认识行动者无需付诸任何努力即可拥有,但这种理想主义的方案无益于理解证据关系的本质。而采用一种心理化的进路有助于做到这一点,这个进路主要是在可靠主义确证框架下用心理过程来锚定证据关系,以此进一步把握认识判断的相对性的根源所在,可以缓解对认识的相对主义的担忧。

刑事证明基本问题反思

本文对刑事证明中的几个基本问题进行了深刻的反思,认为:"以事实为根据"实际上就是以"证据证明的事实"为根据;案件事实除了客观的案件事实外,还有形成的证据事实、收集的证据事实、举证的证据事实和认证的证据事实等;我国的刑事证明标准应采"二元"结合的证明标准,体现"一个幅度"、"三个层次",单纯的"客观真实"与"法律真实"的证明标准皆不可行;应当加强案件证据关系特别是印证关系的研究;在总结实践经验的基础上,可合理规定刑事证据的证明力法则.

案件数据获取与动态数学模型

案件数据与证据获取中隐藏着完备的数学方法。利用具有动态特征的数学模型与方法揭示侦查工作中的案件数据与证据获取的动态过程。首先介绍具有动态特征的数学模型与结构的预备概念,在此基础上推导出数据的证据特征与未知数据获取的关系,提出案件数据与证据获取的数学方法流程,最后利用这些结果给出了数学模型在案件数据与证据获取的应用。

Are Acila divaricata and Acila mirabilis One Species or Two Distinct Species? Evidence from COI Mitochondrial DNA

Acila divaricata （Hinds, 1843） and A. mirabilis （Adams and Reeve, 1850） are common benthic bivalves in China. A number of researchers have proposed that the latter species is a junior synonym of the former species. Because of morphological similarities, it is difficult to distinguish these two species based on visual examination only. For better understanding of their taxon-omy, the mitochondrial CO1 gene fragments of five individuals of A. divaricata from the East China Sea and six individuals of A. mirabilis from the Yellow Sea were sequenced in this study. The phylogenetic relationships of the obtained COI sequences, together with nineteen sequences of three species of the genus Nucula, were analyzed. The pairwise intra- and inter-specific distances for the CO1 sequences ranged from 0.002 to 0.017 and from 0.128 to 0.134, respectively, and no overlap was found. Phylogenetically, A. divaricata and A. mirabilis form distinct clades and cluster into a sister to all other Nucula species. The results indicated that A. di-varicata and A. mirabilis are two distinct species. The differences in the morphology and distribution between the two species were briefly discussed.

The Impact of Debt Financing on Corporate R ＆ D Investment Behavior in China ——Based on the Empirical Evidence of Listed Companies from 2004 to 2011

Base on panel data of manufacturing and high-tech industry companies which discoursed R ＆ D expenditure in financial statements from 2004 to 2011, this paper studies the relationship between debt financing and corporate R ＆ D expenditure under different grow opportunities by using the robust fixed effects that Daniel Hoechle proposed m 2007. The results show that there is not a ＂increasing first, decreasing later＂ non-linear relationship but a ＂double negative＂ relationship between debt level and corporate R ＆ D expenditure. And the ＂double negative＂ relationship has a different mechanism in different growth companies.

Perceptions on the Effects of Auditor-Client Relationship upon Audit Quality and Auditor Independence： Evidence from Bahrain

The study aims to focus upon the association between the auditors and companies by indicating how this association affects the quality of audit and auditor independence in a developing country （the case of Bahrain）. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to respondents from audit firms in Bahrain. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the influence of auditor-client association upon quality of audit and auditor independence and how audit quality and auditor independence are improved was also explored in the study. The results show that all the questions （1-8） in the questionnaire impair both audit quality and auditor independence with the means ranging from 3.6000 to 4.0364 with an average mean of 3.7212. According to the measurement scale, any item with a mean of 3.50 or more is acceptable, and since all the influences are above 3.50, they are all acceptable. Regarding how auditor-client relationship （or long tenured auditor） would improve both quality of audit and auditor independence, the results show that all the questions （9-17） would improve both audit quality and auditor independence with the means ranging from 3.6364 to 4.0727 with an average of 3.8646, which are acceptable. These results confirm statistically that there is a significant relationship between the auditor long-term tenure and audit quality and auditor independence, so the null hypothesis （H0） is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Simple regression analysis is employed to test the hypothesis of the study and its significance. The results show that （H0） hypothesis is not significant. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis （H1） is significant at p 〈 0.005, which means that there are differences in viewpoints among respondents and the p-value obtained is 0.044 which is less than the significant value of p 〈 0.05. These results confirm the hypothesis that a significant relationship exists between the auditor long-term tenure and quality of audit and auditor independence.

Islamic Banking and Economic Growth： Evidence From Asia

This paper investigates the short- and long-run causality relationship between Islamic banking and the economic growth. The main goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between the economic growth and Islamic banking. The dataset used covers the Asia countries over the period of 1980-2009. The unit root test Im, Pesaran, and Shin （IPS） （2003） confirms that all of the variables that the authors use in the equation below are stationary. The empirical result of the Granger causality test shows a bidirectional relationship between Islamic banking and the economic growth and also a bidirectional relationship between the economic growth and export.

Nonlinearities between oil spot and futures markets： Evidence from intraday data

This paper builds on the literature of the relationship between oil spot and futures prices from the NYNEX market, both in their means and in their conditional volatilities, to investigate whether the association is linear or not. The novelty of this work is based on intraday data from both markets. The empirical findings indicate the presence of nonlinearities both in means and conditional volatilities. Moreover, non-linear causality estimations both in means and in volatilities reveal the presence of bi-directional causality, a fact that provides additional support to the hypothesis that both markets are driven by the same information sets.

A Pilot Study on the Effects of Temperature on the Blooms of the Benthic Mucilage-Forming Microalga Chrysophaeum taylorii

C. taylorii （Chrysophaeum taylorii） Lewis and Bryan （Pelagophyceae） are benthic mucilage-producing microalgae recently recorded in the Mediterranean Sea, where its summer blooms are having detrimental effects on benthic communities, fisheries and tourism, especially along the Sardinian coasts （western Mediterranean Sea）. Although few informations on the bloom dynamics of this microalga are available in literature jet, recent studies have hypothesized that sea water temperature plays a major role in determining the distribution and abundance of C. taylorii. The goal of this pilot study was to verify the above-mentioned statement providing experimental evidence for it. To this purpose, C. taylorii presence and abundance were investigated along a temperature gradient near the powerhouse of Torre Valdaliga （Latium coasts）, where a stream of hot water is continuously pumped out from the powerhouse into the sea. The obtained data showed that C. taylorii abundance was significantly higher in the study sites nearer to the powerhouse and a positive correlation between water temperature and cell densities was found, thus confirming that water temperature is one of the environmental variables directly influencing the bloom dynamics of this microalga in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Relationship Between the Strategic and Growth Factors of Enterprise： Data of Mexico （Empirical Evidence）

The growth has been studied from multiple angles and varied approaches so it is a factor that must be evaluated in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs） in order to make decisions that improve their results. In the same way, the creation of strategies need a deep situational analysis, it is equally important to the efficiency and effectiveness of such strategies so they become operational. The central question addressed in the present study was identifying the variables that provide its own validity and, secondly, to determine which variables have a higher impact on the response variable （sales）. The survey contains 159 items in 58 grouped questions. The collected data from a sample of 109 enterprises from different sectors and sizes were codified in order to carry out general descriptive procedures. The reliability of the instrument showed a Cronbach＇s alpha value of 0.8. The main statistical method used was the regression analysis. In order to carry it out, six compound variables were entered for the factors of information technologies, innovation, trading efforts, human resources, quality and technology. The results reveal that the more prepared the manager is and the more effectiveness obtained from the training program then the better indicators of growth will be obtained as a result （i.e. sales）. The more integration among quality indicators （development of specifications and cost reduction programs） is, the better levels of growth （i.e. sales and growth perception） will be. The information technologies must be analyzed by the enterprises because once they are classified by their size, it is possible to observe a positive and significant correlation in any of the two ways of measuring the company＇s growth. The results can be useful for the people in charge of key decisions in any kind of enterprise as it displays a theoretical background for identify their main competitive variables.

On the Isolation Property over a Database Domain

The authors consider relational databases organized over an ordered domain with some additional relations - a typical example is the ordered domain of rational numbers together with the operation of addition. In the focus of our study are the FO （first-order） queries that are invariant under order-preserving permutations-such queries are called order-generic. It was discovered that for some domains order-generic FO queries fail to express more than pure order queries. The collapse result theorem was proved for locally genetic queries over a linearly ordered domain with the Pseudo finite Homogeneity Property （or / and the Isolation Property） by Belegradek et al.. Here the authors consider a circularly ordered domain and prove the collapse result theorem over a quasi circularly minimal domain.

Study on the Intraday Pattern and the Dynamic Correlation Among Return,Volume and Open Interest——Evidence from Chinese Commodity Futures Markets

This paper uses minute by minute data series from Chinese commodity futures markets to study patterns of intraday effect and discovers the L pattern of absolute return and volume.It is different from stock market,which has a distinctive pattern of U-shaped.The financial market microstructure theory,traders' psychology and trading mechanism are applied to explain it.Then this paper studies the factors that influence volatility of return and the lagged orders.The results show that there is a bilateral Granger causality among any two of the absolute return,volume and open interest,and it is different from the empirical results of the stock market,in the sense that there is only a unilateral Granger causal relationship from volume to absolute return.The authors also analyze the dynamic relationship among these three factors.The empirical results tell that the influence of open interest on volatility of absolute return and volume is weak,and there is a strong correlation between absolute return and volume.Some investment suggestions are offered from the analysis mentioned above.

Using Weights of Evidence in the Spatial Relation Between Infected Snails and Geographic Factors

Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem in the middle-lower Yangtze River Basin in China. Study of spatial variation of snail distribution that is related to microgeographic factors can help to choose pertinent measures for snail extinguishment and environment rebuilding. This paper studied the theoretical architecture of weights-of-evidence approach. The case study was made for spatial relation between the occurrence of infected snails and geographic factor combinations in Waijiazhou marshland of Poyang Lake region in China. The multievidence data came from the geographical factor combinations by crossing operation of vegetation coverage grade layer, cattle route distance grade layer, and special environment layer (181 combinations in total) in GIS. The calculation of weight contrast index shows that high vegetation coverage, cattle route distance of <45 meters, and special geographic factor "ground depression" had direct spatial relation with the occurrence of infected snails. The verification by crossing operation in GIS indicated 72.45% of the infected snails concentrated on the areas of positive weight contrast index (sequenced in an order of weight contrast index from high to low), demonstrating the high efficiency of the model established in finding infected snails according to the geographic factor combinations that can be explicitly discerned in the study area.