干旱缺水地区节水灌溉的途径——河南省偃师县滴灌关键水增产效益分析

滴灌是六十年代新发展起来的一项灌水技术,它具有省水、节能、增产的特点。在国外主要用于干旱和半干旱地区产值高的经济作物上,多采用固定式滴灌。因为它投资大、成本高,被人们称为昂贵的灌水技术。故很少用在粮食作物上使用。我国自1974年引进以来发展较快,到目前为止全国滴灌面积约有20万亩。我国的滴灌技术是在引进的基础上,根据我国的具体情况发展起来的。不仅在经济作物上有固定式滴灌,而且还研究出粮食作物移动式滴灌的形式和在干旱缺水地区对农作物滴灌关键水的方法,大大提高了滴灌设备利用率,降低了成本。据河南,山西,北京等地的经验,小麦移动式滴灌每亩设备投资为50—70元。我所与地方单位协作。

大武水源地断裂带关键水动力参数确定及污染防治对策

大武水源地地处山东省淄博市,区内建有某大型石化基地。水源地断裂带附近地下水曾受到来自地面石油化工污染物影响,亟需针对性治理修复。精准确定开采背景下岩溶水的实际流向、径流速度和渗透系数等关键参数是污染治理研究的关键。基于国际新兴的井孔地下水胶体探测技术,在该水源地断裂带污染段布设7眼探测孔,开展21个层位的原位系列探测,应用优势流理论和地质统计学方法确定关键水动力参数。结果表明:(1)大武岩溶水源地断裂带附近含水层强径流层位(易污染段)位于奥陶系八陡组下部(O2-3b)至奥陶系阁庄组(O2g)上部地层,65 m以浅的侧向流入补给是该水源地岩溶地下水污染的主要来源;(2)该水源地断裂带附近岩溶地下水具有多元质点流向,不同区段或层位实际水流方向和流速差异较大,揭示了断裂带对水源地的非单一层位影响,指明了水力屏障井混合开采的不利影响;(3)建议调整水力屏障井的抽排层位与强度,加强70 m以浅的抽排强度,使得SW95正西方向上的径流流速明显小于50.30 m/d;减小80~110 m深度的抽排强度,使得SW99正西方向上的径流流速明显小于49.38 m/d。

基于CROPWAT模型对不同典型年冬小麦灌溉制度的研究

利用1951—2010年的气象数据,采用CROPWAT模型对枯水、平水、丰水3个典型降水年冬小麦的灌溉制度进行研究。结果表明,3个不同的典型降水年充分灌溉净灌溉定额分别为353.3、342、296.2mm,灌水次数依次为8、7和6次;4次关键水条件下净灌溉定额分别为229.1、222.2、212.3mm。

夏玉米节水浂溉技术

夏玉米在我省秋粮作物中占有突出的位置。在水资源严重匱乏的今天,怎样使夏玉米在有限供水条件下增加产量,提高水的利用率,是值得研究的课题。为此,我们做了这方面的试验。一、不同灌溉定额的产量分析及关键水的确定。本试验设在中心站试验场内,

Critical parameters of horizontal well influenced by semi-permeable barrier in bottom water reservoir

It is well-known that barriers have a significant impact on the production performance of horizontal wells developed in a bottom water drive reservoir. In most cases, reservoir barriers are semi-permeable. Based on previous research on impermeable reservoir barrier, a mathematical flow model was derived for a horizontal well of a bottom water drive reservoir with a semi-permeable barrier. Besides, analytical equations were also presented to calculate critical parameters, such as production rate,pressure and potential difference. The effects of barrier, well and reservoir parameters on our model results were further investigated.The results show that the larger the barrier size is or the higher the barrier location is, the higher the critical production rate and potential difference of a horizontal well are. When the barrier permeability equals the formation permeability or the barrier width equals zero, the critical production rates converge to the values same to that of the case with no barrier. When the barrier permeability equals zero, the problem is regarded as a case of impermeable barrier. This model can be applied to predicting horizontal wells' critical production parameters in reservoirs with semi-permeable barriers.

Design and study on hydraulics characteristic of multistage anaerobic granular sludge reactor

This article provides some ideas about several key parameters in design of multistage anaerobic granular sludge reactor （MA（iSR）, and an MAGSR was designed by these ideas. By experiment this paper studies the productivity of biogas and circulation flux of wastewater. The results indicate that in certain scope the circulation flux increases in linear with the biogas productivity rise. The result by the experiment and by the hydraulics model about the circulation flux is different. The circulation flux can be several or more than ten times of the influence.

Effectiveness Assessment of Soil Erosion Critical Source Areas for Soil and Water Conservation

Critical source areas （CSAs）, characterized by severe soil erosion and high sediment yield, are considered to have a high priority for conservation. How to identify CSAs and assess the effectiveness of conservation practices is a key issue in site-specific watershed management. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） model is a useful tool for site-specific conservation practices design and several studies have attempted to identify CSAs based on watershed models. However, limited research has reported about the effectiveness of conservation practices targeting CSAs. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of conservation pracrices targeted on CSAs using the SWAT model. CSA was firstly identified based on the 4-year average yearly erosion of each HRU. Appropriate soil conservation practices were then designed for the CSAs. A scenario with conservation practices for the whole watershed was also established as the contrasting counter parts scheme and then compared to the outcome of CSA-targeted conservation practices. The result shows that SWAT can accurately simulate sediment yield in the study area. CSAs were mainly located in slope farmland areas and steep gullies, coinciding with the distribution of land use and slope. The identified CSA covered 20% of the HRUs and contributed on average 44% of sediment yield. Conservation practices targeting CSAs had higher sediment reduction effectiveness （24 115 t km-2 y-1） than conservation practice covering the whole watershed （20 290 t km-2 y-1）. Thus conservation practices targeting CSAs are more effective than broad conservation practices. We conclude that soil conservation practices focusing on CSAs do increase sediment reduction effectiveness. Targeting the placement of soil conservation practices based on the CSAs concept will assist water quality control in watersheds.

水稻覆膜湿种栽培及其节水效应

在水稻覆膜湿种栽培技术体系中,包含具有节水功能的技术措施。该技术体系的旱水结合整地、平覆地膜、趁湿播种、浇关键水及以肥补水等措施,均显示了明显的节水功能。通过这些节水措施的综合应用,取得了显著的节水效果,同时还可获得理想的单位面积产量。

Nitrogen transformations during co-composting of herbal residues,spent mushrooms,and sludge

Sewage sludge composting is an important environmental measure. The reduction of nitrogen loss is a critical aim of compost maturation, and the addition of spent mushrooms (SMs) and herbal residues (HRs) may be helpful. To evaluate the nitrogen transformations during co-composting of sewage sludge, SMs, and HRs, windrows were constructed in a residual processing plant. Dewatered sewage sludge and sawdust were mixed with SMs and HRs at two proportions on a fresh weight basis, 3:1:1 (sewage sludge:sawdust:SMs or HRs) and 3:1:2 (sewage sludge:sawdust:SMs or HRs). The mixture was then composted for 40 d. Changes in the physicochemical charac- teristic of sewage sludge during composting were recorded and analyzed. Addition of SMs and HRs accelerated the temperature rise, mediating a quicker composting maturation time compared to control. The addition also resulted in lower nitrogen losses and higher nitrate nitrogen levels in the compost products. Among the windrows, SM and HR addition improved the nitrogen status. The total nitrogen (TN) and nitrogen losses for SM and HR treatments ranged from 22.45 to 24.99 g/kg and from 10.2% to 22.4% over the control values (18.66-21.57 g/kg and 40.5%-64.2%, respectively). The pile with the highest proportion of SMs (3:1:2 (sewage sludge:sawdust:SMs)) had the highest TN level and the lowest nitrogen loss. The germination index (GI) values for all samples at maturity were above 80%, demonstrating optimal maturity. The addition of SMs and HRs augments sewage composting.