The aim of this study was to determine the nematicidal effects of some biopesticides againist root-knot nematodes （RKNs） （Meloidogyne incognita） on Bruno type kiwifruit seedlings. Research was conducted in the Ata...The aim of this study was to determine the nematicidal effects of some biopesticides againist root-knot nematodes （RKNs） （Meloidogyne incognita） on Bruno type kiwifruit seedlings. Research was conducted in the Atattirk Central Horticultural Research Institute （ACHRI, Yalova, Turkey） greenhouse during 2013-2014. Biopesticides observed in this study were： sesame oil （Devalone EC）, castor oil （Ricinus communis）, Myrothecium verrucaria （M. verrucaria strain AARC-0255, Inferno DF）, Glomus spp. （Endomycorrhizal fungi, Endo Roots Soluble SP） and Paecilomyces lilacinus （Entomopathogenic fungi, P. lilacinus strain PL1, Bionematon SL）. Nematicide Nemacur EC 400 （fenamiphos） was used as treated control （TC） and trials were set up as randomized parcel design （RPD） with seven characters and 10 replicates. Reproduction ratio was determined according to scale values in trial applications and second stage juvenile （J2） populations of M. incognita in soil. The results showed that the best nematicidal effects against RKNs were determined in castor oil （77.92% in 2013 and 73.61% in 2014） and P. lilacinus （61.03% in 2013 and 55.55% in 2014）.展开更多
The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central...The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this ＂oriental＂ culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness： the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the multiethnic state organizations of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy became outmoded in this age of nationalism. They realized their common interests and started a cooperation which eventually ended up as alliance in theWorld War I. From the point of view of power politics however, the Ottoman Empire was regarded as “sick man at the Bosporus”. In the following the changes of the image are shown as an overview by observing the criteria against the background of the most important historical events. The details of how this process worked are still pretty murky. Further investigations are already on the way and will bring more light into the reasons and the mechanism of this development.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the nematicidal effects of some biopesticides againist root-knot nematodes （RKNs） （Meloidogyne incognita） on Bruno type kiwifruit seedlings. Research was conducted in the Atattirk Central Horticultural Research Institute （ACHRI, Yalova, Turkey） greenhouse during 2013-2014. Biopesticides observed in this study were： sesame oil （Devalone EC）, castor oil （Ricinus communis）, Myrothecium verrucaria （M. verrucaria strain AARC-0255, Inferno DF）, Glomus spp. （Endomycorrhizal fungi, Endo Roots Soluble SP） and Paecilomyces lilacinus （Entomopathogenic fungi, P. lilacinus strain PL1, Bionematon SL）. Nematicide Nemacur EC 400 （fenamiphos） was used as treated control （TC） and trials were set up as randomized parcel design （RPD） with seven characters and 10 replicates. Reproduction ratio was determined according to scale values in trial applications and second stage juvenile （J2） populations of M. incognita in soil. The results showed that the best nematicidal effects against RKNs were determined in castor oil （77.92% in 2013 and 73.61% in 2014） and P. lilacinus （61.03% in 2013 and 55.55% in 2014）.
文摘The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this ＂oriental＂ culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness： the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the multiethnic state organizations of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy became outmoded in this age of nationalism. They realized their common interests and started a cooperation which eventually ended up as alliance in theWorld War I. From the point of view of power politics however, the Ottoman Empire was regarded as “sick man at the Bosporus”. In the following the changes of the image are shown as an overview by observing the criteria against the background of the most important historical events. The details of how this process worked are still pretty murky. Further investigations are already on the way and will bring more light into the reasons and the mechanism of this development.
