Polyploidy is common among agriculturally important crops. Popular genetic methods and their implementations cannot always be applied to polyploid genetic data. We give an overview about available tools and their limi...Polyploidy is common among agriculturally important crops. Popular genetic methods and their implementations cannot always be applied to polyploid genetic data. We give an overview about available tools and their limitations in terms of levels of ploidy, auto- and allo-ploidy. The main classes of tools are genotype calling, linkage mapping and haplotyping. The usability of the tools is discussed with a focus on their applicability to data sets produced by state of the art technologies. We show that many challenges remain until the toolset for polyploidy provides similar functionalities as those which are already available for diploids. Some tools have been developed over a decade ago and are now outdated. In addition, we discuss necessary steps to overcome this shortage in the future.展开更多
New digital trends are transforming the media industry landscape, modifying elemental characteristics and attitudes of companies as well as of consumers. Firms often claim that their presence in social media （SM） is...New digital trends are transforming the media industry landscape, modifying elemental characteristics and attitudes of companies as well as of consumers. Firms often claim that their presence in social media （SM） is a key element to success. SM helps companies rethink the traditional one-way flow of their marketing messages and to incorporate a new interactive pattern into their communications. Nevertheless, these tendencies involve problems of strategic myopia for firms that do not structurally integrate these tools. One main problem is that institutions can rarely differentiate between the various types of SM and the attributes thereof, while the literature equally reveals a number of contradictions in the subject. The present conceptual paper lays the foundations of a strategic approach to SM and discusses its theoretical implications. Following an overview on the concept of SM, through a content analysis of the specialized management literature （n = 14）, we present various best practices and reflect on the apparent lack of strategic thinking in using SM as a marketing application. Then, we compare these practical examples with general marketing strategy theory. By merging theory and practice, we aim to provide an insight towards a well-founded application of SM as a genuinely strategic marketing tool.展开更多
文摘Polyploidy is common among agriculturally important crops. Popular genetic methods and their implementations cannot always be applied to polyploid genetic data. We give an overview about available tools and their limitations in terms of levels of ploidy, auto- and allo-ploidy. The main classes of tools are genotype calling, linkage mapping and haplotyping. The usability of the tools is discussed with a focus on their applicability to data sets produced by state of the art technologies. We show that many challenges remain until the toolset for polyploidy provides similar functionalities as those which are already available for diploids. Some tools have been developed over a decade ago and are now outdated. In addition, we discuss necessary steps to overcome this shortage in the future.
文摘New digital trends are transforming the media industry landscape, modifying elemental characteristics and attitudes of companies as well as of consumers. Firms often claim that their presence in social media （SM） is a key element to success. SM helps companies rethink the traditional one-way flow of their marketing messages and to incorporate a new interactive pattern into their communications. Nevertheless, these tendencies involve problems of strategic myopia for firms that do not structurally integrate these tools. One main problem is that institutions can rarely differentiate between the various types of SM and the attributes thereof, while the literature equally reveals a number of contradictions in the subject. The present conceptual paper lays the foundations of a strategic approach to SM and discusses its theoretical implications. Following an overview on the concept of SM, through a content analysis of the specialized management literature （n = 14）, we present various best practices and reflect on the apparent lack of strategic thinking in using SM as a marketing application. Then, we compare these practical examples with general marketing strategy theory. By merging theory and practice, we aim to provide an insight towards a well-founded application of SM as a genuinely strategic marketing tool.
