发展现代养羊业生产的社会生态学

重点研究了市场需求,经营管理体制,经济效益,科学技术,农牧业环境,社会生活中的腐败行为,民族、宗教、习惯和自然、人为灾害等非自然生态因素对发展现代养羊业生产的作用和影响,并指出在上述社会生态因素中,其中可能某一因素或某几个因素同时起作用,作用有直接的也有间接的;在不同的国家不同的地区,不同的历史发展阶段,有的因素起的作用是主要的,有的则是次要的,有的甚至起着决定性的作用。

当前养羊生产中存在的问题及对策

羊业生产已成为现代畜牧业发展的重要组成部分,因为羊肉高蛋白、低胆固醇,且具有养生保健作用。随着养羊规模的迅速扩大,羊业生产由于技术人才及管理人才的匮乏,深层次的矛盾日益暴露。文中结合实际,就当前存在的问题及对策进行了分析和研究,希望对今后养羊业发展有所帮助。

Trophic interactions, ecosystem structure and function in the southern Yellow Sea

The southem Yellow Sea is an important fishing ground, providing abundant fishery resources. However, overfishing and climate change have caused a decline in the resource and damaged the ecosystem. We developed an ecosystem model to analyze the trophic interactions and ecosystem structure and function to guide sustainable development of the ecosystem. Atrophic mass-balance model of the southern Yellow Sea during 2000-2001 was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim software. We defined 22 important functional groups and studied their diet composition. The trophic levels of fish, shrimp, crabs, and cephalopods were between 2.78 and 4.39, and the mean trophic level of the fisheries was 3.24. The trophic flows within the food web occurred primarily in the lower trophic levels. The mean trophic transfer efficiency was 8.1%, of which 7.1% was from primary producers and 9.3% was from detritus within the ecosystem. The transfer efficiency between trophic levels II to III to IV to V to 〉V was 5.0%, 5.7%, 18.5%, and 19.7%-20.4%, respectively. Of the total flow, phytoplankton contributed 61% and detritus contributed 39%. Fishing is defined as a top predator within the ecosystem, and has a negative impact on most commercial species. Moreover, the ecosystem had a high gross efficiency of the fishery and a high value of primary production required to sustain the fishery. Together, our data suggest there is high fishing pressure in the southern Yellow Sea. Based on analysis of Odum＇s ecological parameters, this ecosystem was at an immature stage. Our results provide some insights into the structure and development of this ecosystem.

DNA barcoding of the family Sparidae along the coast of China and revelation of potential cryptic diversity in the IndoWest Pacific oceans based on COI and 16S rRNA genes

Sparids are of considerable economic importance in marine fishery and aquaculture in China, and the species diversity of this group is considered relatively high. However, the accurate species identification and delimitation of sparids in China remain unaddressed. In this study, we used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ?(COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA(16S) genes to conduct DNA barcoding and species delimitation in eleven sparid species from the coastal waters of China. Based on Kimura-2 parameter genetic distances, the mean intraspecific/interspecific variation for COI and 16S were calculated as 0.004/0.152 and 0.002/0.072, respectively. All the conspecific individuals formed monophyletic clusters in neighbour-joining trees of both markers. An obvious barcoding gap was detected for each species, and a common genetic threshold of 1.3% sequence divergence was defined for species delimitation in both markers. Although the sequence variation of 16S was generally lower than that of COI, the results indicated that sparid species could be ef fectively and accurately identified and delimited by COI as well as 16S. Thus, we propose that the COI gene serve as the standard DNA barcode for sparids, and that the 16S gene could also be an ideal candidate barcode. Moreover, each of the six sparid species( Argyrops spinifer, Rhabdosargus sarba, Dentex hypselosomus, Acanthopagrus latus, Acanthopagrus australis and Acanthopagrus berda) showed high intraspecific divergence(>1.3% genetic threshold) with the remarkable geographic lineages in the Indo-West Pacific oceans, which supported that potential unrecognized cryptic species were in them. The potential cryptic diversity revealed here might be primarily attributed to the allopatric divergences caused by the long-term geographic isolation between the Indian and West Pacific oceans or between the opposite sides of the Indian Ocean. The results further suggest that a revision of taxonomic status of these species is required, followed by development of a biodiversity conservation strategy.

Optimization of fermentation conditions for 1,3-propanediol production by marine Klebsiella pneumonia HSL4 using response surface methodology

The industrially important organic compound 1,3-propanediol （1,3-PDO） is mainly used as a building block for the production of various polymers. In the present study, response surface methodology protocol was followed to determine and optimize fermentation conditions for the maximum production of 1,3-PDO using marine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae HSL4. Four nutritional supplements together with three independent culture conditions were optimized as follows： 29.3 g/L glycerol, 8.0 g/L K2HPO4, 7.6 g/L （NH4）2SO4, 3.0 g/L KH2PO4, pH 7.1, cultivation at 35℃ for 12 h. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum 1,3-PDO concentration of 14.5 g/L, a productivity of 1.21 g/（L＇h） and a conversion of glycerol of 0.49 g/g were obtained. In comparison with the control conditions, fermentation under the optimized conditions achieved an increase of 38.8% in 1,3-PDO concentration, 39.0% in productivity and 25.7% in glycerol conversion in flask. This enhancement trend was further confirmed when the fermentation was conducted in a 5-L fermentor. The optimized fermentation conditions could be an important basis for developing low- cost, large-scale methods for industrial production of 1,3-PDO in the future.

Edible Peanut Worm(Sipunculus nudus) in the Beibu Gulf： Resource, Aquaculture, Ecological Impact and Counterplan

Sipunculus nudus is an important economic species because of its high nutritional and medicinal values. The exploitation and utilization of S. nudus primarily occur in the coastal regions of the Beibu Gulf. However, wild resource of S. nudus is rapidly decreasing because of the overexploitation, which has led to considerable developments of artificial breeding techniques. The cultivation scale of S. nudus has increased in response to successful artificial breeding; however, methods for culturing S. nudus in tidal flats or ponds require further study. Most studies have focused on the breeding, nutrition, medical value and ecological impact of these worms. Studies on the distribution, sediment requirements, nutrition characteristics, breeding techniques and aquaculture ecology of this species are summarized in this paper to promote the development of the aquaculture industry for S. nudus. The high biomass of S. nudus in the Beibu Gulf is positively correlated with the sediment characteristics and water quality of the region. The production of peanut worm has improved to some extent through culturing; however, the nutrient value and ecological environment problems have been observed, which reflect the over exploitation of trace elements and the sediment. These problems will worsen unless they are resolved, and the release of organic materials, nitrogen and phosphorus during harvesting impacts the coastal environment. Moreover, genetic erosion is a potential risk for larvae in artificial breeding programs in tidal flats. Therefore, culturing and collecting methods should be improved and the wild resource conservation should be implemented to promote the sustainable development of the peanut worm.

Growth, Proximate Composition and Pigment Production of Tetraselmis chuii Cultured with Aquaculture Wastewater

Microalgae are cultured commercially as healthy food, cosmetic products, food preservatives, and a source of valuable compounds. However, the high cost of commercial culture medium is one of the challenges to microalgal production. Therefore, it is essential to find an alternative cost-effective culture medium. Aquaculture wastewater is considered as a highly potential candidate due to its high nutrient content and large quantity generated from the rapid growth of aquaculture sector. In this study, Tetraselmis chuii cultured in different media with or without wastewater was evaluated for its growth, proximate composition and carotenoid production. The results showed that significantly(P < 0.05) higher growth(4.3 × 105 cells mL^(-1)) and protein(56.4% dry weight), lipid(44% dry weight) and carbohydrate(20% of dry weight) contents were found in T. chuii when they were cultured in the combination of both wastewater and Conway(wastewater + Conway) medium. However, carotenoid production of T. chuii was significantly increased(P < 0.05) when it was cultured in wastewater only, followed by Conway + wastewater and Conway medium only. Therefore, the incorporation of wastewater with commercial medium Convey is recommended for a cost-effective microalgae culture, as well as for the enhancement of growth and nutritional content of microalgae.

Identification of wild and farmed broadhead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Günther,1864) based on morphometry,digestive indexes and flesh quality

Wild and farmed fish generally dif fer in their nutritional composition. In this study, adult wild and farmed broadhead catfish( Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864) were collected and were assessed for various characteristics, namely morphometrics, digestive indexes, and flesh quality. The morphometrics(standard length, body depth, eye width, fin height and tentacle length) and the digestive indexes(intestosomatic index, digestosomatic index, perivisceral fat index and activities of pepsin and lipase) diff ered significantly between the groups(P <0.05) and can be used to distinguish wild fish from farmed fish. In terms of protein synthesis capacity and color, the flesh quality was similar between the groups. However, radical scavenging activities and reducing power were significantly higher in the wild fish than in the farmraised group. The thermal transition characteristics of sarcoplasmic proteins, as well as myosin denaturation enthalpy and fatty acid profiles(C18:2 n6, C20:0, C22:1 n9, C24:0, Σpolyunsaturated fatty acids, and Σn–6) also exhibited potential to enable calls about the fish origin. The proximate chemical composition of whole body did not diff er between the two fish populations. Our findings suggest bioindicators, in terms of morphometrics, digestive indexes and flesh quality, that can be used to identify the origin of fish for forensic purposes, of for conservation biology of this near threatened species. The new nutritional information may be of interest to marketing, consumers, and has a connection to nutritional eff ects on human health.

In Vitro Propagation of Ardisia mamillata Hance

Ardisia mamillata Hance is a rare plant with highly ornamental and medicinal value. The traditional propagation methods for A. mamillata by seeds or cutting provided low proliferation rate. This study is to optimize the propagation technique of A. mamillata by tissue culture and set up an industrial production system to provide plenty of A. mamillata seedlings for the human demand. The optimal initiation medium for A. mamillata is MS +2.0 mg/L BA +0.1 mg/L NAA +30 g/L sugar, providing76.4% initiation rate. The optimal shoot proliferation medium for A. mamillata is MS+1.0 mg/L BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+30 g/L sugar, providing 4.56 fold proliferation rate and3.10 cm shoot in height. The optimal shoot elongation medium for A. mamillata is MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+30 g/L sugar, providing 2.77 fold proliferation rate and 4.27 cm shoot in height. The optimal rooting medium for A. mamillata is 1/2MS+0.1 mg/L IBA +15 g/L sugar, providing 99.7% rooting rate, 4.0 roots per individual,7.53 cm root in length and 3.94 cm shoot in height. This provides a reliable mass propagation method for A. mamillata.

Cost of Production at Business Unit in Aquaculture Industry： Study at Aquafarm Nusantara Company

Types of industry are manifold, patterns used in the determination of the cost of production can also vary. Elements of the cost of production are raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Value of raw materials used in aquaculture industry in particular needs to calculate the cost of feed consumed by fish, thus greatly affect the price of fish feed cost of production. The calculation of the value of raw materials in fish production cost element to consider is the calculation of the value of raw material components, namely, （1） biomass of harvestable fish as the basic multiplication cost of production per kilogram or per fish harvested fish; （2） the ratio of fish feed intake by the amount of fish produced or often called the Feed Conversion Ratio （FCR）; and （3） the average purchase price of feed on fish harvest period is used as the basis for calculating the cost of production as well. This research is applied research that uses data archive aquaculture companies. The results in the observed period, the value FCR is 0.80, which means to fish have been consumed as much as 0.80 kg of fish feed. Biomass of fish that are harvested at 47,399.95 kg or 1,869,647 individuals. The average purchase price of fish feed on the observation period amounted to IDR 4,855.79. So the price of raw materials contained in harvested fish in the observation period calculates the value of multiplying all the components of raw materials （i.e., IDR 184,131,362.57）. Method of calculating the cost of production companies is process method and charging method used is the full costing method.

Features and New Trends in Turkish Poultry Industry

In this review, features and new trends on Turkish poultry industry are evaluated. Turkish poultry industry has rapidly developed in last years in especially broiler meat and egg production. As a result of these developments, The Turkish poultry sector is recognized as an industry. The industry has advantages such as modem facilities and production methods, thanks to international standards and international markets in close proximity, making it able to compete with the whole world. However, industry has some problems such as the high costs of the production and dependence on extemal inputs for raw materials in feed and breeders. Fortunately, Turkey is an interesting country that can adapt very quickly to emergencies. Turkish poultry industry is trying to adapt to new and difficult conditions and often succeeded. The policies being followed by the elimination of dependence in foreign, measures taken to reduce costs and the growth of the industry are supported in an increasingly manner to increase production and consumption. Thus, it is aimed that the Turkish poultry industry became much more useful industry on reduction in unemployment and finding a solution to the immigration problem by healthier, faster and planned development.

Economic and Market Analysis of Swine Rearing and Pork Production in Ghana

Swine rearing and pork production has recently attracted the growing interest of Ghanaian farmers who seek diversification of enterprises and existing farmers looking for alternatives following a period of low profitability. Piggery was established to combine science and technology to generate innovations for anyone seeking to establish a new pig production enterprise. Results show that since 2008 to 2013, pork prices in Ghana rose rapidly between 115-120%. Also the rate of returns was higher at 43.62% compared to bank interested rate. Feed, as a percentage of total costs, were minimised from 70% to 55% with integrated lactobacillus brewer spent malt as supplement to formulated feed. The piggery project was highly successful and invested capital was recouped within two years of project take-off. Collaborating with other farms, organisations and entrepreneurs, a lot of research innovations in the area of improving feed cost, animal nutrition, waste management practices, and breeding have been generated and shared with both small and large-holder pig farmers. In all aspect of the farm management, results achieved so far especially with pork carcass quality and profit margins are encouraging which have led to the expansion of the piggery project.

Strategic Path for the Development of Live Pig Healthy Breeding Industry in China

The objective of study in the paper was to analyze advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of development of pig healthy agriculture in China, using systematic analysis and SWOT strategic analysis, as well as to show severe diseases, abnormal fluctuation, misplaced way and versatile environment confronted by pig breeding in China. The paper establishes ＂double-hug mode＂, from which pig breeding industry transforms and upgrades to modern breeding industry. Combing with the designed multi-party cooperation mechanism of advantageous regions, urban sale areas and group corporations, it sets up three paths for development of pig healthy agriculture in China, i.e., strategic paths of advantageous regions, urban sale areas and group corporations oriented, with an attempt to provide strategic path reference for transformation and upgrading of pig breeding in China and mode reference for breakthrough of development strategy for pig healthy industry.

Analysis on the Development of Lushan （Xingzi） Hot Spring Health Tourism Products from the Perspective of Product Integrated Marketing

Through the development of more than 60 years, the hot spring tourism industry in China will confront with a situation of ＂innovative competition, standard development, and secondary upgrade＂. In this paper, from the perspective of product integrated marketing theory, by taking Lushan （Xingzi） hot spring as an example, the authors carry out an analysis on some problems in the development of Xingzi hot spring tourism products, propose the framework and model of the integrated development of hot spring health tourism products, and also provide some suggestions for the design of Xingzi hot spring health tourism routes.

Effect of the Nutritional Supplement VIUSlD Vet on the Productivity of Fattening Pigs in a Low-Input Farming System

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the nutritional supplement VIUSID vet on the mortality and the productivity behaviour of fattening pigs in a low-input farming system. Two experiments were carried out at a pig farm in the municipality of Jatibonico, Sancti Spiritus province, Cuba. The farm has a low level of specialization, pigs are fed using local resources such as sugarcane （Saccharum officinarum） juice and locally produced concentrated feed. In both studies, the treatment consisted in administering together with the feed 2.0 g of VIUSID vet per Kg of feed. Results showed that in low-input rearing conditions, supplying VIUSID vet significantly reduced deaths （17.65%） in the pigs treated, favoured leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, and significantly improved weight gain （16.33%） and feed efficiency （14.41%）.

Current Status and Possibilities for the Development of the Cattle Breeding in the Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia

At the beginning of 2007 the milk producers from the Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia were surveyed through the questionnaire in order to determine the current status and to highlight the obstacles and the possibilities of development and improvement of the modern cattle breeding in the observed county. The questionnaire spanned 2001-2006 period and all together 260 families were surveyed. The survey aimed to get as much as possible useful information＇s that would indicate the problems concerning the cattle breeding in this area, and based on these results to give certain guidelines for the improvement of current status. Older age of milk producers, significant number of family farms with small number of cattle and difficult implementation of selective measures due to the small number of cows that were included in milk recording were determined as the main obstacles for cattle breeding development in the surveyed county. It is emphasized that development of cattle breeding in this area should be based upon the increased number of family farms with larger herds. To achieve this it is necessary to retain existing cattle fund, and then gradually increase the number of cattle in the mentioned county through the import of breeding heifers of dairy and combined breeds from neighboring European countries with highly developed cattle breeding. Besides that, it is also necessary to create conditions for the production of organic （ecological） products, which represents the future of agriculture, livestock production, bearing in mind that demanding European market has recognized the value of organic agricultural products that were produced through environment friendly production, which Primorsko-Goranska County, due to its significant natural resources, could easily assure.

Effect of Socio-Economic Variables on Fish Production of Small Farmers in Tocantins State, Brazil

Fish farming is a strategic activity for both the economy and food security of the Tocantins state. Nowadays, there are about eighty small fish farmers in the region of Divin6polis in Tocantins state. The technological level of fish farmers is low and it was found that only 30% of farmers could ever get to the point of selling fish. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate which socioeconomic factors have influence on the fact of fish farmers in the region of Divin6polis and in Tocantins state reach a level of efficiency in production enough that the fish can be good for sale in the local market. To estimate this relation the logit model was chosen, with methodology based on the empirical model used in Musaba and Namukwambi. Following the production of fish farms in the Western of Tocantins state, the collect of the data, during 2012, were conduct with interviews of 30 fish farms, visiting them in their homes and applying a questionnaire. Through the use of econometric models of probability for limited dependent variables, it was found that factors such as participation in federal programs to transfer income, total area of water and production in ponds are key factors in determining the likelihood of producer to sell fish.

Soils and Surface Waters as Affected by Long-Term Swine Slurry Application in Oxisols of Southern Brazil

The accelerated expansion of swine production in Brazil has increased the generation of liquid wastes, which are usually applied to agricultural soils after a simplified treatment and pose potential environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic and environmental impacts of long-term application of swine slurry(SS) on soil and stream water properties in watersheds dominated by Oxisols in Quinze de Novembro of Southern Brazil. Soil samples(0–30 cm) were collected from farms with continuous application of SS since 1990 at low(40–80 m3 SS ha-1year-1) and high(120–300 m3 SS ha-1year-1) rates of SS. Surface water samples were collected from streams adjacent to the farm fields. Long-term SS application did not change total organic C and particulate organic C compared to cropland and woodland soils without SS application. The high rates of SS increased total N, P, Cu,and Zn and available P and Cu in the topsoil(0–10 cm) compared to woodland and cropland soils without SS application. Surface water analyses showed that fecal coliform bacteria and biological oxygen demand exceeded the legal limits for high quality water(Class 1). Other water parameters(such as NO-3, phosphate and total suspended solids) were within the acceptable limits. Long-term disposal of SS in cropland under no-tillage had impaired water quality in Quinze de Novembro, especially biological parameters. Some best management practices should be adopted, including more rigorous control of SS application to cropland as well as requiring edge-of-field and riparian vegetative buffers.