Stoichiometry has long been addressed in the studies of ecosystem ecology, but it was almost ignored for a long time. Until recently, ecologists have become aware that stoichiometry could provide a new tool to study e...Stoichiometry has long been addressed in the studies of ecosystem ecology, but it was almost ignored for a long time. Until recently, ecologists have become aware that stoichiometry could provide a new tool to study ecology from genes to the biosphere. Among this trend, N:P stoichiometry is used actively in ecological interactions since nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important elements in most ecosystems. This article reviews the application of N:P stoichiometry to the studies of ecological problems at different levels, including ecosystem, community and species. Meanwhile, we also provide the cellular basis of N:P stoichiometry, identify the shortages in the use of N:P stoichiometry theory, and put forward some perspectives for future research to be conducted.展开更多
Suspension cell cultures of Maytenus hookeri Loos. (Celastraceae) in SH media were established from the calli induced from the leaves and young steins of M. hookeri on MS media with the supplement of 2 mg/L 2,4-D and ...Suspension cell cultures of Maytenus hookeri Loos. (Celastraceae) in SH media were established from the calli induced from the leaves and young steins of M. hookeri on MS media with the supplement of 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L KIN (kinetin). Ethyl acetate extract of the cultures showed inhibitory activities against Penicillium avellaneum UC-4376 which was sensitive to maytansinoids. Exhaustive isolation of natural products from a large scale of suspension cell cultures did not yield maytansine instead of affording nine compounds including one novel triterpenoid, named 2, 3-diacetoxyl maytenusone (1), and eight known ones including squalene (2), beta-sitosterol (3), 2', 3', 4-triacetyl-sitoindoside I (4), salaspermic acid (5), maytenonic acid (6), 2alpha-hydroxy-maytenonic acid (7), 6, 11,12-trihydroxy-8, 11, 13-abietrien-7-one (8) and 11, 12-dihydroxy-8, 11, 13-abietatrien-7-one (9) elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR data. The H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR assignments were made for 1, 5, 6 and 7, while the C-13-NMR assignments for 5 and 6 were revised. The chemical results suggested that the suspension cell cultures of M. hookeri did not produce maytansinoids under the reported experiment conditions.展开更多
To investigate the effects of long term tobacco-rice continuous cropping on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco leaf yield and quality, the soils of different con- tinuous cropping years were selected in tobacco-ric...To investigate the effects of long term tobacco-rice continuous cropping on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco leaf yield and quality, the soils of different con- tinuous cropping years were selected in tobacco-rice multiple system of Hengyang. Some important indexes, including pH, contents of organic matter and available nu- trients of N P K, contents of medium trace elements of soil samples, and contents of main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco samples were detected for fur- ther analyzing. The results showed that pH value of moderate continuous cropping soil(≤7 years) was more coordinated, in addition, leaf yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were contained, and the sugar-nicotine ratio and potassium-chlorine ratio were proper. However, under long-term continuous cropping (≥10 years) condition, the soil became acidification, and yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco de- clined. It was suggested that improving soil quality by planting green manure or keeping fallow after continuous cropping 7 years in tobacco-rice system.展开更多
Microbial polysaccharides represent a class of important products of growing interest for many sectors of indus- try. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in isolating new exopolysaccharides (EPSs)-produ...Microbial polysaccharides represent a class of important products of growing interest for many sectors of indus- try. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in isolating new exopolysaccharides (EPSs)-producing bacteria from marine environments, particularly from various extreme marine environments. Many new marine microbial EPSs with novel chemical compositions, properties and structures have been found to have potential applications in fields such as adhesives, textiles, Pharmaceuticals and medicine for anti-cancer, food additives, oil recovery and metal removal in mining and indus- trial waste treatments, etc This paper gives a brief summary of the information about the EPSs produced by marine bacteria, including their chemical compositions, properties and structures, together with their potential applications in industry.展开更多
Pakistani wheat varieties are grown over a wide agro-climatic range and as such are anticipated to exhibit yield and quality differences. It is therefore necessary to investigate the nutritional status of wheat variet...Pakistani wheat varieties are grown over a wide agro-climatic range and as such are anticipated to exhibit yield and quality differences. It is therefore necessary to investigate the nutritional status of wheat varieties in terms of biochemical and physiochemical characteristics available for food and nutritional purposes in Pakistan. The result shows that wheat grains of different varieties contain a net protein level of 9.15%~10.27%, 2.15%~2.55% total fats, 1.72%~1.85% dietary fibers, 77.65×10-6~84.25×10-6 of potassium and 7.70×10-6~35.90×10-6 of sodium ions concentration, 0.24×10-6~0.84×10-6 of phosphorus, 1.44%~2.10% ash, 31.108~43.602 g of thousand grain mass (TGM) and 8.38%~9.67% moisture contents. This study is significant in providing an opportunity to explore the available wheat varieties and to further improve their nutritional excellence and also essential for setting nutritional regulations for domestic and export purposes.展开更多
Soil carbon and nutrient contents and their importance in advancing our understanding of biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystem, has motivated ecologists to find their spatial patterns in various geographical...Soil carbon and nutrient contents and their importance in advancing our understanding of biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystem, has motivated ecologists to find their spatial patterns in various geographical area. Few studies have focused on changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils at high altitudes. Our aim was to identify the spatial distribution of soil physical and chemical properties in cold and arid climatic region. We also tried to explore relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), soil particle size distribution (PSD). Samples were collected at 44 sites along a 300 km transect across the alpine grassland of northern Tibet. The study results showed that grassland type was the main factor influencing SOC, TN and TP distribution along the Gangdise Mountain-Shenzha-Shuanghu Transect. SOC, TN and TP contents were significantly higher in alpine meadow than alpine steppe ecosystems. SOC, TN, TP and AN contents in two soil layers (0-15 cm and 15-3o cm) showed no significant differences, while AP content in top soft (0-15 cm) was significantly higher than that in sub-top soil (15-30cm). SOC content was correlated positively with TN and TP content (r = 0.901and 0.510, respectively). No correlations were detected for clay content and fractal dimension of particle size distribution (D). Our study results indicated the effects of vegetation on soil C, N and P seem to be more important than that of rocks itself along latitude gradient on the northern Tibetan Plateau. However, we did not found similar impacts of vegetation on soil properties in depth. Inaddition, this study also provided an interesting contribution to the global data pool on soil carbon stocks.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different fibre feedstuffs on the performance, nutrient utilization and economics of production of weaning/growing pigs. Five fibre feedstuffs--palm kernel...This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different fibre feedstuffs on the performance, nutrient utilization and economics of production of weaning/growing pigs. Five fibre feedstuffs--palm kernel cake (PKC), wheat offal (WO), corn bran (CB), rice bran (RB) and brewers' dried grain (BDG) were used at 25% in each of the five experimental diets that were formulated in this study. Twenty weaner pigs (12.75 ± 0.6 kg) were used for the growth study while 15 pigs (14.95 ± 0.57 kg) were used for the digestibility study. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results of the study showed that the performance of the experimental animals were significantly influenced (P 〈 0.05) by the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract showed significant differences (P 〈 0.05) while there was no significant difference (P 〉 0.05) in the apparent digestibility of their dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract. The diet that contained WO had the best growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility. Results of economics of production also showed that diet with WO gave the best (P 〈 0.05) value in feed cost/'kg gain and net profit/animal. It can be concluded from this study that although all the animals fed the different fibre feedstuffs performed satisfactorily on all the parameters monitored, but for optimum growth, apparent nutrients digestibility and economics of production. WO should be used as a fibre feedstuff in the diets of weaning/growing pigs in the tropics.展开更多
The objective of our study was to determine the effects of four types of fertilisers enrichments (manure potassic (K), phosphatic (P), phosphatic and potassic (PK) and nitrogenized, phosphated and potassic (NP...The objective of our study was to determine the effects of four types of fertilisers enrichments (manure potassic (K), phosphatic (P), phosphatic and potassic (PK) and nitrogenized, phosphated and potassic (NPK)) on chemical composition and dry matter in cassava (Manihot esculenta) organs (clone 1171) during harvest period. The pots experiment was laid out in randomised complete bloc design with five treatments and four replications. Water, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, total proteins and total lipids contents of the leaves, shoots and tubers were determined. After 9 months growing period, results showed that fertilizer types enriched with K, PK and NPK significantly increased the organic compounds contents of the leaves (P〈0.05). Furthermore, fertilizers with high phosphorus content significantly increased the lipid contents of the leaves (25%). Fertilizers enriched with NPK positively influenced the biomass partitioning in Manihot esculenta. Application of fertilizers enriched with NPK led to higher levels of total proteins in the leaves and tubers (70 mg g DM^-1 and 30 mg g DM^-1 respectively) compared to control (17 mg g DM^-1 and 9 mg g DM^-1 respectively). These results help to demonstrate the value of these fertilizers enrichment to improve the chemical composition and dry matter partitioning of cassava.展开更多
This paper reviews results of some morphometric properties and chemical analyses of natural populations of the Cornelian cherry collected in the Vojvodina Province in 2008. Purpose of this study was the selection of t...This paper reviews results of some morphometric properties and chemical analyses of natural populations of the Cornelian cherry collected in the Vojvodina Province in 2008. Purpose of this study was the selection of the best genotypes for future breeding program until the final goal and that is standardizing Cornelian cherry cultivars. Chemical content has been found to depend on the genotype. Total sugar content in fruits ranged from 11.77% (CPC16) to 41.62% (BPC7), vitamin C from 17.15 mg/100 g (APC8) to 42.30 rag/100 g of fresh fruit (APC2), Ca pectat from 0.17% (APC6) to 2.52% (KC 1 ) and anthocyanin from 22.65 mg/100 g (APC4)to 96.30 rag/100 g of fresh fruit (BPC1). Cornelian cherry fruits have an especially high content of minerals compared with other fruit species: the potassium content (in ppm) ranges from 2330 (APC6) to 11487 (APC4), the calcium content from 33.80 (APC6) to 1307.70 (BPC1), the sodium content from 22.82 (BPC8) to 273.48 (APC8), the magnesium content from 10.20 (APC6) to 372.80 (APC8) and the iron content from 2.38 (KC2) to 14.40 (APCS). The balanced content of nutrients, a wide range of food products made from the Cornelian cherry and an extremely high nutritional value make this fruit species a highly recommendable food item, especially if it comes from organic production.展开更多
文摘Stoichiometry has long been addressed in the studies of ecosystem ecology, but it was almost ignored for a long time. Until recently, ecologists have become aware that stoichiometry could provide a new tool to study ecology from genes to the biosphere. Among this trend, N:P stoichiometry is used actively in ecological interactions since nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important elements in most ecosystems. This article reviews the application of N:P stoichiometry to the studies of ecological problems at different levels, including ecosystem, community and species. Meanwhile, we also provide the cellular basis of N:P stoichiometry, identify the shortages in the use of N:P stoichiometry theory, and put forward some perspectives for future research to be conducted.
文摘Suspension cell cultures of Maytenus hookeri Loos. (Celastraceae) in SH media were established from the calli induced from the leaves and young steins of M. hookeri on MS media with the supplement of 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L KIN (kinetin). Ethyl acetate extract of the cultures showed inhibitory activities against Penicillium avellaneum UC-4376 which was sensitive to maytansinoids. Exhaustive isolation of natural products from a large scale of suspension cell cultures did not yield maytansine instead of affording nine compounds including one novel triterpenoid, named 2, 3-diacetoxyl maytenusone (1), and eight known ones including squalene (2), beta-sitosterol (3), 2', 3', 4-triacetyl-sitoindoside I (4), salaspermic acid (5), maytenonic acid (6), 2alpha-hydroxy-maytenonic acid (7), 6, 11,12-trihydroxy-8, 11, 13-abietrien-7-one (8) and 11, 12-dihydroxy-8, 11, 13-abietatrien-7-one (9) elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR data. The H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR assignments were made for 1, 5, 6 and 7, while the C-13-NMR assignments for 5 and 6 were revised. The chemical results suggested that the suspension cell cultures of M. hookeri did not produce maytansinoids under the reported experiment conditions.
基金Supported by Improvement Mechanism and Application of Soil Quality by Succession Planting and Reclamation in Tobacco Field(14-16ZDAa01)
文摘To investigate the effects of long term tobacco-rice continuous cropping on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco leaf yield and quality, the soils of different con- tinuous cropping years were selected in tobacco-rice multiple system of Hengyang. Some important indexes, including pH, contents of organic matter and available nu- trients of N P K, contents of medium trace elements of soil samples, and contents of main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco samples were detected for fur- ther analyzing. The results showed that pH value of moderate continuous cropping soil(≤7 years) was more coordinated, in addition, leaf yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were contained, and the sugar-nicotine ratio and potassium-chlorine ratio were proper. However, under long-term continuous cropping (≥10 years) condition, the soil became acidification, and yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco de- clined. It was suggested that improving soil quality by planting green manure or keeping fallow after continuous cropping 7 years in tobacco-rice system.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.Z2003D01).
文摘Microbial polysaccharides represent a class of important products of growing interest for many sectors of indus- try. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in isolating new exopolysaccharides (EPSs)-producing bacteria from marine environments, particularly from various extreme marine environments. Many new marine microbial EPSs with novel chemical compositions, properties and structures have been found to have potential applications in fields such as adhesives, textiles, Pharmaceuticals and medicine for anti-cancer, food additives, oil recovery and metal removal in mining and indus- trial waste treatments, etc This paper gives a brief summary of the information about the EPSs produced by marine bacteria, including their chemical compositions, properties and structures, together with their potential applications in industry.
基金Project (No. HEC/FD/2007/670) supported by the Higher EducationCommission (HEC), Pakistan
文摘Pakistani wheat varieties are grown over a wide agro-climatic range and as such are anticipated to exhibit yield and quality differences. It is therefore necessary to investigate the nutritional status of wheat varieties in terms of biochemical and physiochemical characteristics available for food and nutritional purposes in Pakistan. The result shows that wheat grains of different varieties contain a net protein level of 9.15%~10.27%, 2.15%~2.55% total fats, 1.72%~1.85% dietary fibers, 77.65×10-6~84.25×10-6 of potassium and 7.70×10-6~35.90×10-6 of sodium ions concentration, 0.24×10-6~0.84×10-6 of phosphorus, 1.44%~2.10% ash, 31.108~43.602 g of thousand grain mass (TGM) and 8.38%~9.67% moisture contents. This study is significant in providing an opportunity to explore the available wheat varieties and to further improve their nutritional excellence and also essential for setting nutritional regulations for domestic and export purposes.
基金supported by the Western Action Plan Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX2-XB3-08)the Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB03030505)the One Hundred Young Persons Project of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment(Grant No.SDSQB-2010-02)
文摘Soil carbon and nutrient contents and their importance in advancing our understanding of biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystem, has motivated ecologists to find their spatial patterns in various geographical area. Few studies have focused on changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils at high altitudes. Our aim was to identify the spatial distribution of soil physical and chemical properties in cold and arid climatic region. We also tried to explore relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), soil particle size distribution (PSD). Samples were collected at 44 sites along a 300 km transect across the alpine grassland of northern Tibet. The study results showed that grassland type was the main factor influencing SOC, TN and TP distribution along the Gangdise Mountain-Shenzha-Shuanghu Transect. SOC, TN and TP contents were significantly higher in alpine meadow than alpine steppe ecosystems. SOC, TN, TP and AN contents in two soil layers (0-15 cm and 15-3o cm) showed no significant differences, while AP content in top soft (0-15 cm) was significantly higher than that in sub-top soil (15-30cm). SOC content was correlated positively with TN and TP content (r = 0.901and 0.510, respectively). No correlations were detected for clay content and fractal dimension of particle size distribution (D). Our study results indicated the effects of vegetation on soil C, N and P seem to be more important than that of rocks itself along latitude gradient on the northern Tibetan Plateau. However, we did not found similar impacts of vegetation on soil properties in depth. Inaddition, this study also provided an interesting contribution to the global data pool on soil carbon stocks.
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different fibre feedstuffs on the performance, nutrient utilization and economics of production of weaning/growing pigs. Five fibre feedstuffs--palm kernel cake (PKC), wheat offal (WO), corn bran (CB), rice bran (RB) and brewers' dried grain (BDG) were used at 25% in each of the five experimental diets that were formulated in this study. Twenty weaner pigs (12.75 ± 0.6 kg) were used for the growth study while 15 pigs (14.95 ± 0.57 kg) were used for the digestibility study. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results of the study showed that the performance of the experimental animals were significantly influenced (P 〈 0.05) by the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract showed significant differences (P 〈 0.05) while there was no significant difference (P 〉 0.05) in the apparent digestibility of their dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract. The diet that contained WO had the best growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility. Results of economics of production also showed that diet with WO gave the best (P 〈 0.05) value in feed cost/'kg gain and net profit/animal. It can be concluded from this study that although all the animals fed the different fibre feedstuffs performed satisfactorily on all the parameters monitored, but for optimum growth, apparent nutrients digestibility and economics of production. WO should be used as a fibre feedstuff in the diets of weaning/growing pigs in the tropics.
文摘The objective of our study was to determine the effects of four types of fertilisers enrichments (manure potassic (K), phosphatic (P), phosphatic and potassic (PK) and nitrogenized, phosphated and potassic (NPK)) on chemical composition and dry matter in cassava (Manihot esculenta) organs (clone 1171) during harvest period. The pots experiment was laid out in randomised complete bloc design with five treatments and four replications. Water, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, total proteins and total lipids contents of the leaves, shoots and tubers were determined. After 9 months growing period, results showed that fertilizer types enriched with K, PK and NPK significantly increased the organic compounds contents of the leaves (P〈0.05). Furthermore, fertilizers with high phosphorus content significantly increased the lipid contents of the leaves (25%). Fertilizers enriched with NPK positively influenced the biomass partitioning in Manihot esculenta. Application of fertilizers enriched with NPK led to higher levels of total proteins in the leaves and tubers (70 mg g DM^-1 and 30 mg g DM^-1 respectively) compared to control (17 mg g DM^-1 and 9 mg g DM^-1 respectively). These results help to demonstrate the value of these fertilizers enrichment to improve the chemical composition and dry matter partitioning of cassava.
文摘This paper reviews results of some morphometric properties and chemical analyses of natural populations of the Cornelian cherry collected in the Vojvodina Province in 2008. Purpose of this study was the selection of the best genotypes for future breeding program until the final goal and that is standardizing Cornelian cherry cultivars. Chemical content has been found to depend on the genotype. Total sugar content in fruits ranged from 11.77% (CPC16) to 41.62% (BPC7), vitamin C from 17.15 mg/100 g (APC8) to 42.30 rag/100 g of fresh fruit (APC2), Ca pectat from 0.17% (APC6) to 2.52% (KC 1 ) and anthocyanin from 22.65 mg/100 g (APC4)to 96.30 rag/100 g of fresh fruit (BPC1). Cornelian cherry fruits have an especially high content of minerals compared with other fruit species: the potassium content (in ppm) ranges from 2330 (APC6) to 11487 (APC4), the calcium content from 33.80 (APC6) to 1307.70 (BPC1), the sodium content from 22.82 (BPC8) to 273.48 (APC8), the magnesium content from 10.20 (APC6) to 372.80 (APC8) and the iron content from 2.38 (KC2) to 14.40 (APCS). The balanced content of nutrients, a wide range of food products made from the Cornelian cherry and an extremely high nutritional value make this fruit species a highly recommendable food item, especially if it comes from organic production.