内生真菌对醉马草不同生长期土壤酶活性和养分的影响

醉马草-内生真菌共生体是研究生态系统中地上与地下生物联系的独特模式,但该共生体对不同生长期土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响知之甚少。本研究采集休眠期和返青期携带内生真菌(E+)和未携带内生真菌(E-)醉马草的生境土壤,测定E+和E-醉马草土壤酶活性和养分含量。结果表明:在休眠期和返青期,内生真菌显著增加了醉马草土壤速效磷含量,较E-醉马草分别提高34.7%和36.7%。在返青期内生真菌增加了醉马草土壤硝态氮含量,较E-醉马草提高了32.3%。此外,返青期温度升高增强了E+和E-醉马草土壤蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,这提高了土壤N、P的有效性,为醉马草的生长返青提供基本养分。以上结果表明内生真菌通过调节土壤养分提高土壤肥力,返青期土壤酶活性和养分含量的变化保证了醉马草顺利返青。本研究为深入理解禾草-内生真菌共生体的生态学作用提供理论依据。

免耕条件下秸秆还田与施肥对小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤养分和酶活性的影响

为研究免耕条件下秸秆还田与施肥对小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤养分和酶活性的影响,于西北农林科技大学校内试验地进行试验,设3个秸秆还田水平:秸秆全量还田、秸秆半量还田、秸秆不还田,施肥和不施肥2个施肥水平,共6个处理,以秸秆不还田+不施肥作为对照,研究秸秆还田与施肥对小麦-玉米轮作系统一年内两季不同作物收获期0~40 cm土层土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,冬小麦和夏玉米收获期土壤不论是0~20 cm还是20~40 cm土层,秸秆全量还田+施肥和秸秆半量还田+施肥处理相比秸秆不还田+不施肥均能增加土壤有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,并且高于秸秆还田+不施肥处理;秸秆全量还田+施肥处理下的冬小麦土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性比秸秆不还田+不施肥处理的0~20 cm土层分别提高92.34%,87.91%,4.94%,62.41%;对于夏玉米而言,秸秆全量还田+施肥相比秸秆不还田+不施肥处理的0~20 cm土层提高了土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶,分别提高了68.54%,49.11%,149.84%,10.38%。可见,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶在秸秆全量还田+施肥的处理下活性最高,并且土壤脲酶与全氮和碱解氮相关性最好,碱性磷酸酶与全氮、速效钾和速效磷的相关性比较好,过氧化氢酶与速效钾和速效磷的相关性比较好,蔗糖酶与有机碳的相关性比较好,且均呈正相关。以上结果表明,秸秆还田配施化肥可以提高土壤质量。

螃蟹对闽江河口互花米草湿地土壤活性养分变化的影响

为阐明螃蟹活动对湿地土壤活性养分含量变化的影响,对闽江河口湿地不同潮滩螃蟹干扰下的土壤DOC、MBC、NH_4^+-N、NO_3^--N、Fe及其价态含量特征进行测定和分析。结果表明:有螃蟹组土壤DOC和MBC含量分别为95.98,11.13mg/kg,对照组含量分别为106.99,7.54mg/kg,螃蟹组土壤DOC含量略低于对照组(P>0.05),螃蟹组土壤MBC含量高于对照组(P<0.05);两者含量最高值和最低值分别出现在夏季和冬季,且夏季显著高于其他季节(P<0.05)。螃蟹组土壤NH_4^+-N和土壤NO_3^--N含量分别为22.45,1.08mg/kg,对照组含量分别为23.65,1.44mg/kg,螃蟹组土壤NH_4^+-N含量低于对照组(P<0.05),螃蟹组土壤NO_3^--N含量低于对照组(P<0.05);不同季节,土壤NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N含量存在显著差异(P<0.01)。螃蟹组土壤总铁含量略高于对照组(P>0.05);螃蟹组土壤Fe2+含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);螃蟹组和对照组土壤Fe3+含量差异不明显(P>0.05)。不同季节,土壤总Fe、Fe^(2+)和Fe^(3+)含量存在显著差异(P<0.01)。

土体重构对旱田土壤微生物及养分的影响

以旱田土壤为研究对象,探讨常规耕作(CK),0-10cm与10-20cm土层置换(TC1),0-20cm与20-40cm土层置换(TC2),0-30cm与30-60cm土层置换(TC3),0-10cm土层混合(GF1),0-20cm土层混合(GF2),0-30cm土层混合(GF3)对不同层次土壤微生物量、酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,土体重构处理能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳氮含量和土壤酶活性,不同层次土壤酶活性与对照处理差异显著;耕翻处理的土壤酶活性明显高于对照处理,但除土壤脲酶含量和GF2处理均未达到显著水平;土层置换处理土壤养分含量随土层深度增加表现出不同的变化趋势,与对照处理相比各层次差异显著,土层置换处理有利于土壤养分含量在不同土层中的均匀分布;土层置换处理对土壤改良效果明显,可提高土壤微生物量碳氮含量,增加土壤酶活性,活化土壤养分。

Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on Soil Microbial Biomass,Soil Enzyme Activities and Related Nutrients in Continuous-cropping Sugarcane Field

[Objective] This study was conducted to expound the fertility improvement effect in continuous-cropping sugarcane field and provide reference for establishment of rational sugarcane fertilization system and improvement of soil quality in continuous-cropping sugarcane field. [Method] The soil in the experimental region is latosolic red soil which was planted with sugarcane for 11 years continuously, and 8 treatments including sole application of chemical fertilizers, sole application of organ- ic fertilizer, and combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were designed according to different fertilization measures. The effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and related fertility factors were determined. [Result} Different fertilization treatments all showed soil microbial biomass N, C and P and activities of soil acid phosphatase, catalase, sucrase and urease higher than the CK. Soil microbial biomass N increased by 5.56%-67.13%, soil microbial biomass C increased by 4.01%-20.40%, and soil mi- crobial biomass P increased by 6.39%-67.02%. The activity of acid phosphatase was improved by 12.96%-35.19%, the activity of catalase was improved by 18.24% -78.93%, the activity of sucrase was improved by 3.00%-42.00%, and the activity of urease was improved by 1.21%-23.43%. However, the soil nutrients of different fertilization treatments increased non-significantly （P〉0.05）. Soil microbial biomass N, C and P and activities of acid phosphatase, catalase and urease were in significant （P〈0.05） or very significant correlation （P〈0.01） with contents of soil rapidly available P, rapidly available K and total N. [Conclusion] The evaluation of improvement of soil fertility in continuous-cropping sugarcane field using soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities as indexes is more comprehensive and sensitive.

Effect of Combined Application of Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on the Dynamic Changes of Purple Soil Nutrient and Soil Enzyme Activities

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of combined of manure and fertilizer on the content of nutrients in purplish soil as well as release dynamics of enzyme activities.[Method] The effects of manure and fertilizer application on the content of AOM,NH＋4-N and NO-3-N in soil as well as release dynamics of enzyme activities were studied by means of simulation culturing.[Result] In the treatments of combined application of simulation culture experiment,the content of active organic matters,NH＋4-N,NO-3-N and soil enzyme activities changed dynamically,which showed a shape of inverted ＂S＂ with two or more peaks.Compared with the treatment of fertilization,their peaks were relatively flat and occurred relatively late,while the treatment of fertilization had only one but the highest peak.The content of active organic matter came to top around 10 d in the order of cow5fertilizer5pig5fertilizer5cow manurepig manurefertilizer Ⅰfertilizer Ⅱ;the activity of urease came to top around 10 d in all treatments and in the order of pig manurecow5fertilizer5cow manurefertilizer Ⅰfertilizer Ⅱpig5fertilizer5.The activity of saccharase was in the order of pig5fertilizer5pig manurecow5fertilizer5cow manureCKfertilizer Ⅱfertilizer Ⅰ.[Conclusion] The study could provide the theoretical basis for reasonable application of manure and fertilizer.

百喜草对人工土壤活性养分浓度的生理生态响应

以人工薄层土壤作为生长基质,以百喜草为模式植物,通过室外模拟试验,研究了土壤不同活性养分浓度对百喜草的萌发率、形态特征、生物量等幼苗生长发育特征的影响规律及百喜草的养分利用效率变化特征,探讨了百喜草对土壤初始养分浓度的生理生化响应特征,以期为保障生态工程中百喜草植被系统的稳定建植,为应用百喜草在生态工程重建中养分设计提供依据。结果表明:各处理组萌发率差异显著(P<0.01),活性养分浓度与萌发率负相关。随着活性养分浓度的增加,百喜草的萌发率降低,高浓度的活性养分浓度对百喜草萌发有抑制作用。活性养分浓度梯度对株高有影响,各处理组之间差异显著(P<0.01)。试验第300天,C6(150%)平均株高最大,为23.20cm,CK(0%)平均株高最小,为16.30cm。试验第300天,C6组的平均生物量最大,CK组平均生物量最小,各处理组存在显著差异(P<0.01),高浓度的有效养分对植物生物量积累没有显著作用。N、P、K各元素的养分利用效率随着活性养分含量增大,呈递减趋势,即N、P、K养分利用效率与活性养分含量呈显著的负相关。综上,C6处理组生物量最大,养分利用效率较高,符合生态重建工程要求,因此建议以百喜草开展水土保持和生态工程植物修复时,C6组为最佳活性养分浓度,有利于百喜草稳定建植。

Nutritional Analysis and Physiological Activity Evaluation of Pneumatophorus japonicus Sauce

The nutritional composition of Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce was analyzed and compared with other fish sauces. The sodium chloride content of the sample Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce was greater than 25%. The total soluble nitrogen content was greater than 2.1 g/100mL, and the amino nitrogen content was greater than 1.2 g/100mL. The mineral content was abundant in the Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce, the calcium content and the magnesium content were 391.50±0.03 and 375.00±0.02 mg/L respectively, much higher than those in other samples. The iron content and the zinc content were 22.30±0.04 and 2.80±0.03 mg/L, respectively. The content of free amino acids was 5 552.17 mg/100mL, the content of essential amino acids was 2 666.00 mg/100mL,The taurine content was 113.05 mg/100mL. The antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth was 90.48%, while the TCA soluble peptide content was 29.04 mg/mL. Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce is nutritionally rich and has special physiological activity.

Comparative study on active soil organic matter in Chinese fir plantation and native broad-leaved forest in subtropical China

Active soil organic matter (ASOM) has a main effect on biochemical cycles of soil nutrient elements such as N, P and S, and the quality and quantity of ASOM reflect soil primary productivity. The changes of ASOM fractions and soil nutrients in the first rotation site and the second rotation site of Chinese fir plantation and the native broad-leaved forest were investigated and analyzed by soil sampling at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology (at latitude 26°48′N and longitude 109°30′E under a subtropical climate conditions), Chinese Academy of Sciences in March, 2004. The results showed that values of ASOM fractions for the Chinese fir plantations were lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. The contents of easily oxidisable carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) for the first rotation of Chinese fir plantation were 35.9%, 13.7%, 87.8% and 50.9% higher than those for the second rotation of Chinese fir plantation, and were 15.8%, 47.3%, 38.1% and 30.2% separately lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. For the three investigated forest sites, the contents of MBC and WSOC had a larger decrease, followed by WSC, and the change of EOC was least. Moreover, soil physico-chemistry properties such as soil nutrients in Chinese fir plantation were lower than those in broad-leaved forest. It suggested that soil fertility declined after Chinese fir plantation replaced native broad-leaved forest through continuous artificial plantation.

Optimization for Production of Intracellular Polysaccharide from Cordyceps ophioglossoides L2 in Submerged Culture and Its Antioxidant Activities in vitro

Cordyceps ophioglossoides is a valuable traditional medicinal material.We have found that intracellular polysaccharide(IPS) is the major biologically active ingredient in Cordyceps ophioglossoides.This study is the first time to optimize the yield of IPS from Cordyceps ophioglossoides.The optimal medium for IPS production consists of glucose 54.50 g·L·1,yeast powder 25.50 g·L·1,NaH2PO4 0.4 g·L·1 and K2HPO4 0.4 g·L·1.The suggested culture conditions are 24 ℃,initial pH 4.5 with a rotary speed of 120 r·min·1 for 168 h.The yield of IPS is 737.93 mg·L·1,which is 50% higher than the yield under the conditions prior to optimization.The anti-oxidative activities of IPS in Cordyceps ophioglossoides L2 are also characterized using various in vitro assay.The anti-oxidative activity may explain the reason why IPS from Cordyceps ophioglossoides can be used to fight against neurodegenerative dis-eases and menopausal symptoms.

Effects of Different Cultivation Media and Periods on the Content of Main Active Components of Cordyceps militaris Strain QC04

In this study,Cordyceps militaris strain QC04 was cultivated in oat,rice,and wheat media for different time periods.We studied the effects of different cultivation media and periods on the fruiting body biomass and active components of C.militaris,aiming to provide reference for the production and utilization of C.militaris QC04.The results showed that the dry weight of the fruiting body of C.militaris was the highest in the wheat medium,moderate in the oat medium,and the lowest in the rice medium.The content of cordycepin and adenosine in the fruiting body and residual medium was higher in the oat and rice media than in the rice medium.The content of cordycepin and adenosine in fruiting body and residual medium peaked on day 55.Furthermore,the content of cordycepin in the fruiting body was lower than that in the residual medium,while the content of adenosine showed an opposite trend.The content of cordycepic acid in the rice medium was generally higher than that in the oat and wheat media.As the cultivation period extended,the fruiting body biomass declined and the content of cordycepic acid in the fruiting body increased slightly.

Effects of temperature,algae biomass and ambient nutrient on the absorption of dissolved nitrogen and phosphate by Rhodophyte Gracilaria asiatica

Gracilaria asiatica, being highly efficient in nutrient absorption, is cultivated in sea cucumber ponds to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate. It was cultured in a laboratory simulating field conditions, and its nutrient absorption was measured to evaluate effects of environmental conditions. Ammonia nitrogen （AN）, nitrate nitrogen （NN）, total inorganic nitrogen （TIN）, and soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） uptake rate and removal efficiency were determined in a 4~2 factorial design experiment in water temperatures （T） at 15~C and 25~C, algae biomass （AB） at 0.5 g/L and 1.0 g/L, total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） at 30 ~tmol/L and 60 ~tmol/L, and soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） at 3 and 6 ~tmol/L. AB and ambient TIN or SRP levels significantly affected uptake rate and removal efficiency of AN, NN, TIN, and SRP （P〈0.001）. G. asiatica in AB of 0.5 g/L showed higher uptake rate and lower removal efficiency relative to that with AB of 1.0 g/L. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rate rose with increasing ambient nutrient concentrations; nutrient removal efficiency decreased at higher environmental nutrient concentrations. The algae preferred to absorb AN to NN. Uptake rates of AN, NN, and SRP were significantly affected by temperature （P〈0.001）; uptake rate was higher for the 25~C group than for the 15~C group at the initial experiment stage. Only the removal efficiency of AN and SRP showed a significant difference between the two temperature groups （P〈0.01）. The four factors had significant interactive effects on absorption of N and P, implying that G. asiatica has great bioremedial potential in sea cucumber culture ponds.

不同施肥方式对烟草种植区土壤养分及酶活性的影响

摘要:本文以某地烟草种植区当中的“吉烟 9 号”类型烤烟当作试验目标,运用不一样的施肥方法,探究其对烟草实际种植 区当中土壤养分和土壤酶活性产生的影响。结果显示,4 个施肥处理方法对土壤养分与土壤酶活性产生的影响程度,依次是无机 肥与有机肥混合运用大于有机肥大于无机肥大于不施肥,都用有机肥加无机肥的处理方式最高,这一施肥方法对土壤品质的提升 有着优质的改善效果。

Optimization of Fermentation Media for Enhancing Nitrite-oxidizing Activity by Artificial Neural Network Coupling Genetic Algorithm

Two artificial intelligence techniques, artificial neural network and genetic algorithm, were applied to optimize the fermentation medium for improving the nitrite oxidization rate of nitrite oxidizing bacteria. Experiments were conducted with the composition of medium components obtained by genetic algorithm, and the experimental data were used to build a BP (back propagation) neural network model. The concentrations of six medium components were used as input vectors, and the nitrite oxidization rate was used as output vector of the model. The BP neural network model was used as the objective function of genetic algorithm to find the optimum medium composition for the maximum nitrite oxidization rate. The maximum nitrite oxidization rate was 0.952 g 2 NO-2-N·(g MLSS)-1·d-1 , obtained at the genetic algorithm optimized concentration of medium components (g·L-1 ): NaCl 0.58, MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 0.14, FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O 0.141, KH 2 PO 4 0.8485, NaNO 2 2.52, and NaHCO 3 3.613. Validation experiments suggest that the experimental results are consistent with the best result predicted by the model. A scale-up experiment shows that the nitrite degraded completely after 34 h when cultured in the optimum medium, which is 10 h less than that cultured in the initial medium.

母猪营养摄入对胎儿糖原沉积和母乳质量的影响

能量是仔猪出生后前几天能否成活的限制性因素,通过母体营养可调控初乳产量和成分从而达到向仔猪传递能量、免疫球蛋白和其他活性养分的目的。过去20年新生仔猪成活率低成为现代养猪业普遍面临的问题,从泌乳开始阶段的初乳和常乳中摄入足够的能量对新生仔猪来说是最重要的事情,来源于糖元氧化和初乳的能量用以维持仔猪的体温和生命。

Analysis on Carotenoids Content and Other Quality Traits of 185 Wheat Varieties

In order to provide the reference of improving the nutritional quality traits in carotenoids and screening its resources of wheat varieties, 185 wheat varieties or lines were selected as materials to test the carotenoids content, lipoxygenase activity, whiteness, yellowness and some other quality traits of whole mill in wheat.The results showed that there were highly significant variations in lipoxygenase activity,carotenoids content, whiteness and yellowness among those sample of wheat varieties; carotenoids content was significantly and positively correlated with yellowness.Cluster analysis was performed based on carotenoids content clustered all the varieties or lines into three major groups. Additionally, carotenoids were discussed in the application of nutritional quality improvement in wheat.

Impacts of Forest Gaps on Soil Properties After a Severe Ice Storm in a Cunninghamia lanceolata Stand

During January–February 2008, a severe ice storm caused significant damages to forests in southern China, creating canopy gaps and changing soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity. To understand the relationships between gap size, changes in the soil environment and the effects that these changes have on soil processes, we investigated the effects of gap size on soil chemical and biological properties in the forest gaps in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand in northern Guangdong Province, southern China. Ten naturally created gaps, five large(80–100 m^2) and five small(30–40 m^2), were selected in the stand of C.lanceolata. The large gaps showed a significant increase in light transmission ratio and air and soil temperatures and a decline in soil moisture, organic matter,N and P compared with the small gaps and the adjacent canopy-covered plots in the 0–10 cm soil. The differences in organic matter and nutrient levels found between the large and small gaps and the canopy-covered plots may be related to changes in environmental conditions. This indicated rapid litter decomposition and increased nutrient leaching in the large gaps. Moreover, the lowest levels of catalase, acid phosphatase and urease activities occurred in large gaps because of the decline in their soil fertility. Large forest gaps may have a region of poor fertility, reducing soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity within the C.lanceolata stand.

Effects of elevated CO_2 on the nutrient compositions and enzymes activities of Nilaparvata lugens nymphs fed on rice plants

Elevated CO 2 may reduce the tolerance of Nilaparvata lugen (N. lugens) to adverse environmental factors through the biological and physiological degeneration of N. lugens. In an artificial climate box, under 375 and 750 μL L 1 CO 2 levels, the rice stems nutrient content, the nutrient content and enzyme activities of N. lugens nymph fed on rice seedlings exposed to ambient and elevated CO 2 were studied. The results showed that rice stems had significantly higher protein and total amino acid levels under ambient than elevated CO 2 levels. Nymphs had significantly higher protein levels in the ambient CO 2 treatment, while their glucose levels were significantly lower under ambient CO 2 conditions. Significantly higher trypsin activity was observed in nymphs grown in elevated CO 2 . Significantly lower activities of the protective enzymes total superoxide dismutase and catalase were observed in the nymphs under ambient CO 2 . Meanwhile, the activity of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase was significantly higher in the ambient CO 2 treatment. Measuring how energy and resources were allocated to enzymes in N. lugens nymphs under elevated CO 2 conditions can provide a more meaningful evaluation of their metabolic tolerances to adverse climatic conditions.

Distribution of Mineral Nutrients and Active Ingredients in Aloe vera Irrigated with Diluted Seawater

With increasing demand for irrigation water, agricultural scientists and planners pay more attention to the utilization of diluted seawater as an alternative source for irrigation of crops. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study how seawater stress(SS) affects growth, water content, cationic accumulation, and active ingredients in leaves of Aloe vera after 30 d of growth in nutrient media with 0%(control), 22%(22% SS), and 42%(42% SS) seawater stress. Results indicated the SS did not change dry biomass of leaves and stems, but gradually decreased biomass allocation to roots with increasing seawater stress. Na+and Cl-in A. vera plant did not increase obviously with a big increase in seawater percentage due to low transpiration of Aloe vera. 42% SS decreased N concentration in most plant organs, but did not change or increased P concentration. Seawater stress tended to decrease concentrations of K+and Ca2+in A. vera. However, seawater salinity tended to increase the concentrations of aloin concentration in top(young) and middle leaves, and there was no significant effect of both stresses on aloin concentration in base(old) leaves. The 42% SS treatment decreased polysaccharide concentrations only in the base leaves, but not in top and middle leaves. In summary, supplying suitably diluted seawater for 30 d could increase the qualities and value of A. vera, without substantial effects on shoot dry biomass production.

《优品》读者订阅礼品

音乐女神玫瑰纯露音乐女神玫瑰纯露优选法国大马士革玫瑰蒸馏原液,其蕴含玫瑰精油活性成分和植物的鞣性物质,保留了玫瑰花材最滋养的亲水性精华。玫瑰纯露分子极小,能快速吸收,激活细胞活力,有效抑制黑色素的生成。本产品法国进口,纯天然,无添加。