“五菜为充”论菜品养生

[目的]探析“五菜为充”理论,以期更全面地指导菜品养生。[方法]撷选《内经》相关条文,追溯其中关于“五菜”的食养原则,联系后世医家著作与文献研究,探索分析“五菜为充”的内涵、阴阳五行属性,以及与五脏、四时五味、体质等的配属关系,归纳总结“五菜”的食养原则与饮食禁忌,并结合现代研究,为“五菜”对糖尿病、心脑血管疾病等慢性病的防治及相关合理应用提供理论依据。[结果]五菜均为药食同源之品,由《内经》阐发的“五菜养生”理论,不仅是对古人饮食结构的回顾,更是对后世食养食疗之道的指导。基于《内经》,诸医家依从“葵、韭、藿、薤、葱”五者的阴阳五行、四性五味,阐明其对人体五脏“养”与“伤”的双重作用。“五菜”只有合理搭配,适量、适时、适人地摄入,才可以达到治已病、防未病的效果。同时,现代多项药理毒理研究也证实了“五菜”所具有的药用价值与营养保健价值。[结论]菜品养生之道博大精深,探讨分析“五菜”的膳食原则及其在慢性病防治中的应用,有助于为大众树立正确的五菜养生观,启发人们合理搭配“五菜”,依效适食,养生保健。

私房小厨 健康时尚品牌

随着市场经济的发展和生活水平提高，人们更加注重营养与健康，食品消费也将进入理性阶段，从满足生理需要向重视营养品质方面转变，具有养生、保健作用的膳品，越来越受到人们的青睐，合理组配营养素和食物原料生产的具有不同营养特性的食品，将是健康时尚的潮流。

信息化背景下中药养生产品的发展趋势研究

中药养生以中医学为基本特征,以整体观念为指导思想,通过辨证实现补益脏腑、调和气血、平衡阴阳等功效,有助于促进健康、延缓衰老。中药养生产品主要包括养生酒、保健茶及药膳三大类,随着我国信息化的不断发展,三大中药养生产品的发展发生了明显的变化,了解信息化状态下我国三大中药养生产品的现状及发展趋势,对养生产品的进一步发展具有重要意义。

Application Effect of Cassava Starch Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Watermelon Production

In order to find out a new way for environment-friendly and resourcelized utilization of cassava starch processing wastewater, the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was applied in watermelon production, and its effects on the growth and development, yield and fruit quality of watermelon were investigated. The results showed that the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid significant- ly promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth and improved the yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of cassava starch anaerobic fermentation both with COD concentration of 1 200 mg/L according to the amount of 150 t/hm2 promoted the growth of vines and leaves of watermelon plants, brought forward the flowering, fruiting and harvest of watermelon and significantly increased the fruit number, fruit weight, yield, fruit size, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and Vita- min C content of watermelon. At the same time of improving the yield and quality of watermelon, cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was turned into treasure as a liquid fertilizer. This study provides a new ideal for the yield and quality im- provement of watermelon and the wastewater treating of starch factories.

Effects of SPNE on Yield and Biochemical Quality of Hybrid Flowering Chinese Cabbage

Objective] The effects of SPNE on the yield and biochemical quality of flowering Chinese cabbage were investigated in this study. [Method] The special plant nutritional element （SPNE） was sprayed on the flowering Chinese cabbage plants after the beginning of harvesting. The effects of SPNE on the yield traits and biochemical quality traits of flowering Chinese cabbage were investigated in the un-conventional using period. [Results] The results showed the flowering stalk of flow-ering Chinese cabbage developed earlier and grew fasterly for the SPNE treatment;the diameter, length and weight of flowering stalk of SPNE-treated flowering Chi-nese cabbage were al higher than that of control. The SPNE treatment could not only increase yield, but also bring better biochemical quality. The protein, vitamin C and calcium contents, especial y the chlorophyl and sugar contents in the SPNE-treated flowering Chinese cabbage were al higher than that of control, making the SPNE-treated flowering Chinese cabbage taste better. [Conclusion] lt was indicated although sprayed after the beginning of harvesting, the SPNE had a certain effect on the flowering Chinese cabbage.

Rheological and Structural Properties of Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicus During Heat Treatment

Changes in tissue structure, rheological properties and water content of raw and heated sea cucumber meat were studied. Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus was heated at 25℃, 70℃ and 100℃ water for 5 min. The structural changes were observed using a light microscope and the rheological parameters （rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation） determined using a texture meter. Microscopic photograph revealed that the structural change of heated meat was greater than that of raw meat. The rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation of raw meat were smaller than those of the heated meat. Meanwhile, rheological parameters showed positive correlation with heating temperature. These changes are mainly caused by thermal denaturation and gelatinization of collagen during heating. These changes were also evidenced in observations using a light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry.

Development of 101 Novel EST-Derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers for Zhikong Scallop (Chlamys farreri)

Zhikong scallop(Chlamys farreri) is an important maricultured species in China.Many researches on this species,such as population genetics and QTL fine-mapping,need a large number of molecular markers.In this study,based on the expressed sequence tags(EST),a total of 300 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were selected and validated using high resolution melting(HRM) technology with unlabeled probe.Of them,101(33.7%) were found to be polymorphic in 48 individuals from 4 populations.Further evaluation with 48 individuals from Qingdao population showed that all the polymorphic loci had two alleles with the minor allele frequency ranged from 0.046 to 0.500.The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.925 and from 0.089 to 0.505,respectively.Fifteen loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and significant linkage disequilibrate was detected in one pair of markers.BLASTx gave significant hits for 72 of the 101 polymorphic SNP-containing ESTs.Thirty four polymorphic SNP loci were predicted to be non-synonymous substitutions as they caused either the change of codons(33 SNPs) or pretermination of translation(1 SNP).The markers developed can be used for the population studies and genetic improvement on Zhikong scallop.

The eco-nutrition requirements for dietary protein and its rhomb characteristics in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

We evaluated the dietary protein requirements of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) and their effects on aquatic quality. Five experimental diets were formulated containing 450, 480, 500, 520, and 540 g/kg. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of juvenile turbot (mean initial body weight 34.5 ± 5.5 g) for 88 d. Both the weight gain ratio and feed efficiency increased with increasing dietary protein up to 500 g/kg, but no further improvement was detected when dietary protein levels were >500 g/kg. Protein intake and digestion increased with protein levels, while fecal nitrogen and nitrogen content in seawater increased only when dietary protein exceeded 500 g/kg. Protein digestibility was highest at intermediate dietary protein levels. Chemical oxygen demand, nitrite-nitrogen (NO2--N) and phosphatic-phosphor (PO43--P) levels increased in the rearing water as dietary protein levels increased. The optimum eco-nutrition level of dietary protein for juvenile turbot was 500 g/kg under the current experimental conditions. The diets containing 540 and 500 g/kg protein had similar growth rates and feed conversion ratios, but levels of ammonia (NH4+) and nitrogen were considerably higher in the water and feces, respectively, at the higher level of dietary protein. The difference in the pattern of change between body weight gain and ammonia concentration in water with increasing dietary protein is described by rhomb characteristics.

Effect of Silicon and Nitrogen Nutrition on Pest and Disease Intensity in Rice

Nutrition management is the most important for high yield production but it may affect the response of rice plants to pest and diseases due to the change of microclimate under rice plant canopy. The knowledge of nutrition management and its relation with pest and diseases are basis for setting up a high yield production system. Most of the pest and disease control procedures used by farmers can be considered as soil fertility management and these nutrition practices can have impact on the physiological susceptibility of crop plants to pest and diseases by affecting the plant resistance. Silicon content of plants is particularly effective against pest and diseases in rice and certain rice genotypes are more efficient accumulators of silicon, thus making them more resistant. In the absence of natural heritable resistance in rice varieties, resistance could be induced by altemate strategies to suppress certain pest and pathogens. Hence experiments were carried out in two stages during kharif 2010 and 2011 to assess the concentration of silicon in the index leaves of rice plant utilizing 133 varieties in four locations. The silica content of promising varieties ranged from 1.50% to 3.20%, 1.60% to 3.15%, 1.49% to 3.20% and 1.55% to 3.06% with a mean values of 2.50%, 2.48%, 2.51% and 2.43% at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres of Telangana region and not much variation in mean silica content in index leaves at different places. The overall yield from four locations ranged from 2,653 kg/ha to 6,860 kg/ha with a mean of 5,624 kg/ha. The yields recorded at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres ranged from 2,886 to 7,198, 2,653 to 6,831, 2,653 to 6,860 and 4,399 to 5,950 kg/ha, respectively. The lowest mean yield 5,069 kg/ha was noticed at Rudrur and the highest yield 5,940 kg/ha was found at Warangal. The variations in yields might be due to genotypic variations and also due to variations in climatic conditions of different locations.

High efficiency of protoplast preparation for artificially cultured Ulva prolifera(Ulvophyceae,Chlorophyta)

Protoplast isolation was relevant for gene manipulation in U lva, and universal protocols have been proposed based on evaluation for various wildly collected species. However, only clonal laboratory cultures were practical for genetic transformation, and whether applicability of such universal protocol existed for these artificial cultures has never been investigated. In this research, samples in different physiological states or developmental stages were tested in U. prolifera. The results proved that the protoplast yields were strongly dependent on the characteristics of samples. Neither F_v/F_m value nor chlorophyll content exhibited an ideal correlation with the protoplast yields. Alternatively, specific growth rate, coupled with developmental stage, could serve as an ef fective combined index to determine the right time for protoplast isolation. According to this instruction, here we reported the highest yields of protoplast((31.5±1.9)×10~6 cells/g f. wt.) in U. prolifera, following comparison between protocols, and further optimizations on enzyme content, incubation period, starting biomass and pretreatment. This specified protocol for artificially cultured clonal samples could meet the need for protoplast-mediated genetic transformation in U. prolifera.

Comparison in nutritional quality between wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

In this study, the proximate composition and the amino and fatty acid profiles of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei （prey） and wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepiapharaonis （the latter fed the prey） were determined and compared with FAO/WHO recommendations. The resulting scores for isoleucine, phenylalanine＋tyrosine, histidine, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan in cultured cuttlefish were 〉150. The ratio of EAA （essential amino acids）/nonessential amino acids in cultured cuttlefish （0.82） was higher than in the wild form （0.80）. All EAA amino acid scores for cultured cuttlefish were higher than their wild counterparts, except for histidine and tryptophan. Both groups of cuttlefish possessed similar saturated fatty acid content, with the cultured containing much more total （E） monounsaturated fatty acids, E n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）, and eicosapentaenoic acid （C20：5 n-3） but less E n-3 PUFA, arachidonic acid （C20：4 n-6）, and docosahexaenoic acid （C22：6 n-3） than their wild counterparts. Therefore, the present results suggest that these cultured cuttlefish were better than the wild form for human health. Notably, these results also indicate that the nutritional composition of these cuttlefish might have been significantly affected by diet.

Effect of Long-Term in Vitro Sub-culturing on Quality Degeneration of Sweet Potato Varieties： Morpho- Anatomic Assessment and Simple Sequence Repeats Analysis

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term in vitro sub-culturing on the varietal degeneration of three sweet potato varieties, namely, Monate, Mokone and Ndou which were sub-cultured for 32, 23 and 12 generations, respectively. Each generation was cultured in a media which is made from 4.43 g/L Murashige and Skoog （MS）, 30 g/L sucrose and 2 g/L gelrite, respectively, and grown under 16 h light and 8 h dark photoperiod for 30 d. For each generation, 45 plantlets were acclimatized for two months in a glasshouse. Data on in vitro growth performance and 11 morphological characteristics during acclimatization were recorded. Early root and shoot formation was observed after the 27th and 21st sub-cultured generations of Monate and Mokone, respectively. During acclimatization, plantlets from the same variety showed differences in morphological traits such as leaf colour, abaxial leaf pigmentation, vine pigmentation, petiole pigmentation, leaf wrinkling and flowering. However, the rate of these morphological differences is random and irrespective to increase in sub-culturing. Therefore, to understand the genetic base of these morphological variability, two plantlets from each variety were subjected to genetic analysis by using five simple sequence repeat （SSR） primers （IB-242, IB-318, IB-255F, 1B-248 and IB-255）. Although SSR loci IB-255F and IB-318 could distinguish between the three varieties, there were no allelic polymorphisms detected in plantlets from the same varieties. Therefore, long-term sub-culturing do not leads to quality degeneration in the three sweet potato varieties.

Relative Feed Value of Different Varieties of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis

The aim of this paper is to analyze fluctuation in nutritional value of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis varieties grown on mineral and organic soil. Moreover, the paper deals with analysis of their nutritional value in terms of animal feeding. This paper has drawn on two field experiments set up and carried out between 2010 and 2013 by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Slupia Wielka. The experiment was conducted in two experimental stations： one in the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Krzyzewo and the other in the Experimental Stations for Variety Testing in Uhinin, being a branch of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Cicibor Duzy. The experiment was arranged and conducted according to COBORU guidelines. The experimental plots were sown with varieties of Dactylis glornerata： Niva, Tukan, Amila, Crown Royale and with varieties of Festuca pratensis： Limosa, Pasja, Anturka, Amelka （d. AND 1009）. In the experimental plots with the varieties of Dactylis glornerata the grass was harvested six times a year and chemical analysis of the biomass was done taking dry matter only from five cuts. The varieties of Festuca pratensis were harvested four times. The RFV （relative feed value） was determined using the Linn and Martin method. Linn and Martin＇s test proved that Festuca pratensis had better nutritional value than Dactylis glomerata. For Dactylis glomerata, no matter what the variety and location was, the relative feed value ranged from 125 to 151, which puts that grass species in II quality class, good enough to feed high production dairy cows and heirs selected for replacements. The analysis of the relative feed value proved that no matter from which cut, the biomass ofDactylis glornerata belonged in Ill quality class, （RFV between 103 and 124） and it can be used to feed good beef cattle, older heifers and, in small quantities, dairy cows.

Green Marketing and Renewable Energy： Evidence on Motivations and Behaviour in the Aquacultural Market

The purpose of this paper falls within the theoretical framework of green marketing. It investigates the relationships that exist between the motives relating to aquacultural products marketed under the private label of a traditional retailer （Coop）, the attitude towards their purchase, the perception of their quality, their reliability and the willingness to pay for them. Particular importance is given to the green motives, those that lead to a preference for a product made with specific renewable energies such as biogas. The structural equation models （SEM） technique is used to develop propositions representing a theoretical approach to the integration of green marketing, in the context of the process for purchasing Coop brand fish. With regard to distinguishing between the motives, we referred to the approach that sets out three different types of motive： clean, green and ethical. The resulting managerial implications make it possible to assess how much the different types of motive influence the choices of the consumers. Managers will benefit from the results of this paper by understanding better the benefits for consumers of aquacultural products from renewable energy such as biogas. The originality of the paper lies in its focusing on green purchase behaviour in a poorly investigated sector such as that of fish breeding. The paper contributes to an understanding of the factors that influence environmentally responsible purchase behaviour and their exact relationships, that are still unclear in literature. The fact that environmental issues and concerns are constantly changing implies that ongoing research into their influence on consumer behaviour is essential

Impact of the Liaison Committee of Food and Nutrition on the Quality of Patients＇ Meals

At hospital, nutrition represents an important value of care, particularly for patients at risk. However, it is observed that for various reasons, the restoration of the hospitalized patients is often neglected in the privileges of the medical care. The establishment of a Liaison Committee of Food and Nutrition （LCFN） within a health establishment has shown according to several works, its positive impact in improving the hygienic quality and nutritional dishes served to patients. In this framework, we conducted a quasi-experimental study into CHU F hached Sousse of Tunisia type （before/after, creation LCFN） in order to assess the role of such structure （LCFN） in the qualification and the improvement of patients＇ food. Our study was based during the two phases （2007/2010） on the same methodology. Thus we have conducted an audit of observation of hygiene practices along the distribution chain of patient＇s meals and the samples for microbiological analyzes from food, surfaces, equipment and personnel＇s hands.The results obtained have shown, in one hand, a degradation of the average rate of contamination for the bacteriological analyzes, and in the other hand, an evolution of the rate of hygiene standards respected. According to this study, the role played by the LCFN is becoming more and clearer in the improvement of the hygienic quality of patients＇ dishes without forgetting the impact of improving the nutritional quality and Hedonics.

Anther Culture of Chinese Radish(Raphanus sativus L. var. Longinnatus Bailey):Response of Different Genotypes to the Embryogenesis and the Traits of Regenerated Plantlets

[Objective] The aims were to ① conduct anther culture of Chinese radish varieties; ② observe the development of embryos from anther culture; ③ study the response of different genotypes to embryogenesis in anther culture; ④ observe the morphology of regenerated plantlets; ⑤ analyze the ploidy level of regenerated plantlets arising from the anther culture process. [Method]Anthers of 15 genotypes with diverse genetic backgrounds of Chinese radish have been cultured in vitro and induced to undergo embryogenesis and plant formation. [Result] Of 15 genotypes evaluated,four produced embryos. The genotype was the main factor to influence the embryogenesis. The morphology and the ploidy of the regenerated plantlets were observed,and the anther-derived plantlets included a mix of haploids,diploids and hexaploids. Of the plants that regenerated from anther embryos 60% were diploid. [Conclusion] The plantlets had the high ability to double spontaneously.

Application of Matter-element Model in Soil Nutrient Evaluation of Ecological Fragile Region

On the basis of the soil environment investigation in Da＇an City, Jilin Province, China, 40 soil samples from main land use types were obtained and tested by standard method. Soil organic matter （SOM）, total N （TN）, total P （TP）, total K （TK）, available N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK） were chosen as the evaluation factors. A regional soil nutrient evaluation model was developed based on the matter-element model. The results show that the soil samples with nutrient grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ respectively account for 10%, 30%, 32.5% and 27.5%, and those with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 60% in all samples. The relationship between soil nutrients and land types indicates that the nutrients of farmland are relatively good, with 41.7% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The nutrients of saline-alkali land and sandy land are the worst, with 100% of soil samples with the nutrient grade IV and V. And the ratios of soil samples grade IV and V in grassland and wasteland are respectively 62.5 % and 54.55%. Generally speaking, the soil nutrients status in Da＇an City is poor, 60% of soil samples are in poor and extremely poor conditions, indicating that the soil has been severely eroded. Being a relatively superior evaluation method with more accurate resuits and spatial distribution consistency, matter-element analysis is more suitable for regional soil nutrient evaluation than previous models.

Organic Dairy Cattle Breeding in Turkey： A Review

Organic animal breeding means the production of certified animal products by considering the well-being of animals without damaging the environment and without using any pesticide in a controlled manner. All aquaculture activities other than organic farming can be defined as conventional farming. Organic animal production has increased significantly annually over the past decade in the world. Dairy cattle production is examined with particular focus on the possibilities of improving the sustainability of ruminant systems and on the possible role of organic production to meet the demand of sustainability. Organic dairy cattle production can improve animal welfare, protect the environment and sustain rewarding rural life styles. Future of organic dairy cattle production will have to rely on continuous search for alternatives in nutrition, disease prevention and control that are environmentally friendly. Understanding organic dairy cattle farming from economic, ecological and animal welfare perspectives will increase the likelihood of success. In the current study, besides the basic principles of organic dairy cattle breeding that is a quite popular branch of business in recent years, the current state, weaknesses and strengths of organic dairy cattle breeding both in Turkey and the world and how organic dairy cattle breeding can be developed are discussed.

Nutrient and Nutraceutical Potentials of Seaweed Biomass Ulva lactuca and Kappaphycus alvarezii

The study aimed at evaluating the nutrient and nutraceutical potentials of the selected seaweed biomass namely Ulva lactuca and Kappaphycus alvarezii. The selected seaweeds were found to be rich in macro and micronutrients. Kappaphycus contained high amount of ash when compared to U. lactuca. It is revealed that the mercury level in U. lactuca was 0.017 ppm and it was not detected in K. alvarezii. The heavy metal concentration in the selected seaweeds was within the tolerable value reported as quality criteria for edible seaweeds. These seaweeds were also found to be rich sources of vitamin antioxidants namely Vitamin C, total carotenoid, beta carotene, total chlorophyll and polyphenol. The phytochemical screening of the selected seaweeds showed that both seaweeds contained carbohydrates, protein, gums and mulicage, phenols, starch and quinones. Alkaloids was absent in Kappaphycus, saponins was moderate in U. actuca when compared to Kappaphycus. Glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids were absent in both the species. The selected seaweeds also possess antibacterial activity. The selected biomass could be recommended for use in dietaries to combat protein energy malnutrition and in particular micronutrient deficiencies.

Nutrient Composition of Cereal （Maize）, Legume （Soybean） and Fruit （Banana） as a Complementary Food for Older Infants and Their Sensory Assessment

Four complementary foods were prepared from local foodstuffs which are maize （Zea mays）, soyabean （Glycine max） and banana （Musa acuminate colla）. Four complementary samples were produced from the proportion of maize/soyabean/banana composite flours as 60%： 30%： 10% （B）, 60%： 25%： 15% （C）, 60%： 20%： 20% （D）, 50%： 30%： 20% （E） and Nestle Cerelac was the control sample （A）. The formulated diets were subjected to nutritional analysis-along with a commonly used proprietary infant cereal （Nestle Cerelac） as control. Standard chemical methods were used to determine the proximate nutrient composition, some micronutrients and anti-nutritional factors. The samples produced have increased nutrients of fibre that enhances digestibility （2.07%-3.11%）, protein and ash contents. The supplementation of up to 20% soybean flour and banana flour recorded the best results in terms of proximate and mineral compositions and compared favourably with the control sample, in terms of sensory evaluation using hedonic method, sample A was most accepted but did not differ significantly from sample D. Therefore, nutritious and acceptable complementary food can be produced from fermented maize, soybean and banana flours. Results of molar ratios of some minerals and anti-nutritional factors in the compounded diets suggest that the anti-nutrients will not pose any serious problem in the usage of the complementary diets. The cost of producing the formulated diets is about N50-N100 （50 cents） per gram cheaper than cerelac. The study has therefore, revealed that with proper selection of local foodstuff, it is possible to prepare nutritious complementary diets that would be acceptable, readily available, affordable and nutritionally adequate.