中国哺乳期妇女营养素养评价工具条目池的编制

目的编制哺乳期妇女营养素养评价工具条目池,为进一步筛选条目做准备。方法应用文献检索、专家讨论及专家咨询等方法收集条目。结果哺乳期妇女营养素养评价工具条目池由3个一级指标(基本营养知识、生活方式与饮食行为、基本技能),9个二级指标(食物与营养知识、喂养知识、生活方式、饮食行为、喂养行为、体重管理、辅食制作、营养知识的获取、信息识别与营养决策),共计56个条目构成。结论本研究拟采用定性和定量的方法,建立哺乳期妇女营养素养评价工具的条目池,以期为中国哺乳期妇女营养素养评价工具的建立提供条目来源。该条目池的有效性、可靠性及适用性需要在大样本的人群研究中进行验证。

中国孕期妇女营养素养评价工具条目池的编制

目的编制孕期妇女营养素养评价工具条目池,为进一步筛选条目做准备。方法应用文献检索、专家咨询、焦点小组讨论等方法收集条目。结果孕期妇女营养素养评价工具条目池由3个一级指标(基本营养知识、生活方式与饮食行为、基本技能);8个二级指标(食物与营养知识、营养与疾病、生活方式、饮食行为、母乳喂养准备、体重管理、营养信息的获取、信息识别与营养决策),58个条目构成。结论本研究在国内外研究基础上、以国内外妊娠期相关的营养/膳食推荐/指南为依据,以当前中国孕期妇女营养相关问题为导向,建立孕期营养素养评价工具条目池,该条目池的有效性、可靠性及适用性需要在大样本的人群调查中进行验证。

海滩养护后剖面变化过程研究——以北戴河西海滩和中海滩为例

海滩养护目前已成为防治海岸侵蚀的主要措施。养滩工程后海滩剖面发生较大的变化,对剖面的变化过程进行研究,可以理解海滩地貌和动力之间的关系,同时也可以对养滩工程进行评价。通过对北戴河西海滩和中海滩两处养护海滩剖面的养护前、养护初、3个月、6个月、9个月和1年后等时间节点进行剖面形态测量,对海滩剖面的变化进行研究。结果发现填沙区内海滩在养滩工程初,滩肩按照设计增宽约30m,即原岸线平均向海推进约30m;养滩3个月后填沙岸段侵蚀较大,两个海滩滩肩宽度共缩小约7～14m;6个月后滩肩宽度相比3个月时再减小4m,大部分剖面蚀退量开始减小;9个月后和1年后的侵蚀量相对之前更少,有些剖面甚至开始淤积。由于填沙区内侵蚀的物质向两侧运移,使得填沙区外海滩剖面则基本上一直处于淤积状态。1年后滩肩宽度相比养护前宽度增宽约为12～16m。西海滩和中海滩在1年后填沙保存分别为88.7%和75%,养滩效果良好。

以素质教育拓展学分为载体的高职学生综合素质评价体系探索与实践

当前新的形势和任务迫切需要高职院校立足于构建社会主义和谐社会的总体目标,以全面提高学生的综合素质为目的,以学生职业核心能力和人文素质培养为目标,使其成为适合社会发展的综合性创新型人才。文章从提升高职学生综合素质的重要意义切入,结合我国高职学生综合素质培养评价体系研究现状,分析学院在构建学生综合素质评价体系中的有益探索。。

101例糖尿病病人膳食状况调查分析与干预对策

目的通过调查糖尿病患者膳食结构分析评价其合理性并提出干预对策。方法采用食物频数法和24小时膳食回顾法对101例糖尿病患者的膳食状况进行调查。结果被调查患者膳食中粮谷类的比重低,禽肉类和水产类比重过高;与2002年全国营养调查的城市居民各类食物平均摄入情况相似。总能量摄入过高,三大营养素中脂肪供能比明显偏高,碳水化合物的供能比和膳食纤维的摄入量未达到要求。胆固醇摄入超过推荐量标准;而B族维生素和钙的摄入量均未达到推荐量标准。结论被调查糖尿病患者膳食结构不合理,建议适当降低总能量和脂肪的摄入,增加膳食纤维的摄入,平衡膳食,均衡营养素;加强糖尿病营养教育。

Evaluation of soil nutrient status in poplar forest soil by soil nutrient systematic approach

A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P, K, Zn), N(P, K, Zn), P(N, K, Zn), K(N, P, Zn), +Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), Zn (N,P,K), +2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), +2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N+2P+2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar. The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform per-fectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.

Water Quality Evaluation Index System for Freshwater Aquaculture Pond

[Objective] The aim was to establish the water quality evaluation index system for freshwater aquaculture pond.[Method] The expert survey,DELPHI,field research and other methods were used.Based on the analysis of factors influencing water quality of freshwater aquaculture pond,and the importance degree of 14 factors influencing water quality of freshwater aquaculture pond was ordered.Then,five factors were selected as index to establish the water quality evaluation index system of freshwater aquaculture with the determination for thresholds of these factors.[Result] The importance degree of water quality of freshwater aquaculture pond showed an order of Dissolved oxygenpHPhytoplankton biomassSecchi depthTotal NitrogenZooplankton biomassWater temperatureBiochemical Oxygen DemandWater colorSalinityTotal hardness;according to the value of importance degree,the dissolved oxygen,pH,secchi depth,phytoplankton biomass and total nitrogen these five factors were selected as the index system of water quality evaluation of pond.The level of water quality of freshwater aquaculture pond was divided into five,and the tolerance range of fish to each index was obtained by expert observation.[Conclusion] This study had provided a scientific basis for water quality evaluation system of freshwater aquaculture pond.

Lake Eutrophic Evaluation Based on Bee Immune Evolutionary Algorithm

In order to establish the lake eutrophic evaluation model for multiple indices,based on the gauge transformation,an index formula in the form of a logarithmic power function was proposed to design an eutrophic evaluation model for the ＂ normalized values＂ of multi-indexes.The parameters in the formula were also optimized by bee immune evolutionary algorithm（BEIEA）.The universal index formula was suitable to multiindices items for eutrophic evaluation.At the same time,the formula was applied to practical eutrophic evaluations in 10 regions of Dong Lake.The evaluation results were coincident with those obtained from the power function of weighted sums and also with actual conditions.It was shown that the bee immune evolutionary algorithm was suitable to the parameter optimization in the eutrophic evaluation model.

Design and Implementation of Aquaculture Pond Water Quality Assessment System Based on Fuzzy Mathematics

The aquaculture pond water quality was taken as research objects,based on the general analysis of factors influencing the pond water quality,the system of index estimation and assessment standard were established after sorting by importance of the factors by means of Delphi and expert investigation.In this study,index weight was confirmed according to the importance of the factors and relative membership grade of the measured values,thus and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of aquaculture pond water quality was constructed,and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system of freshwater aquaculture pond water quality was designed and implemented.The application of this system in the assessment of aquaculture pond water quality by a company had achieved better result.

Investigation of Dominant Populations of Late-summer Phytoplankton and Comprehensive Nutritional Evaluation of Water Quality in Bailang Lake

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality survey and phytoplankton sampling was conducted in Bailang Lake in September 2011, a total of four sam- pling points were set, to detect and analyze the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and permanganate index in water samples and further conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of the water quality factors using comprehensive nutritional state index method. [Result] Water in Bailang Lake was neutral to slightly alkaline with pH of 8.57. The average water trans- parency was 0.4 m, with relatively high content of dissolved oxygen. The content of total nitrogen was relatively high of 3.043 mg/L averagely. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation showed that the water quality of Bailang Lake belonged to moderate eu- trophication. As can be seen from various comprehensive nutritional state indices TLI, the contribution of transparency, chlorophyll a and total nitrogen to the eutrophi- cation in Bailang Lake was the greatest, followed by the permanganate index and total phosphorus. Statistical analysis showed that the average weight-biomass of phy- toplankton in Bailang Lake was 6.442 mg/L, and the average was 146.46x104 individuals/ml. There were eight dominant species in Bailang Lake, including Scenedesmus, Tetraedron, Merismopedia sinica, Phormidium, Merismopedia, Tribonema, Chroomonas and Synedra. [Conclusion] This study provided data informa- tion for the environmental protection and fisheries production in Bailang Lake.

新时代美育教学唤起“活性”的三种途径

改善新时代美育的关键在于唤起美育教学的“活性”。本文从理论和经验方面阐述了何谓“活性”及其必要性,并具体分析了唤起“活性”的三种途径:第一,唤起美育教学内容的“活性”——将美术与艺术、科技、自然以及社会生活中的审美现象相联系,使学生借“艺术之眼”认识自我、感知生活;第二,唤起师生之间关系的“活性”——师生角色应转变为激活者和探索者,即教师应时时关注学生的反馈,动态调整教学走向;第三,唤起审美素养评价的“活性”——观测每个个体审美素养的形成轨迹,以评促教。

Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Entropy Weight to Evaluate Pond Water Quality

[Objective] This study was to provide references for the evaluation of water quality in aquaculture ponds by evaluating the pond water quality using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight. [Method] The fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method based on entropy weight was used to evaluate the water quality in the ponds with Ukraine scale carp （Cyprinus carpio） as the main cultivated fish. The average size of the fish was 71.4 g/ind, and totally three groups of pond were set with the population density of 6 000, 9 000, 12 000 ind/hm2. [Result] According to the GB3838-2002 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water of China, the water quality of 6 000 ind/hm2 group was Grade I, and the water quality of 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 were Grade V. [Conclusion] With the increasing of feeding density, the pond water quality would worsen, however, there is no difference on water quality between 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 groups.

Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China

Water samples were collected in 120 stations in the Bohai Sea of China to analyze the distribution of dissolved nutrients and assess the degree of eutrophication in August 2002. The result shows that the average concentration of DIN increased and the PO4-P concentration sharply decreased compared to the previous data of corresponding period. The high concentrations of DIN and PO4-P occurred in coastal waters, especially in the bays and some river estuaries, while the high concentrations of SiO3-Si in the surface and middle depth occurred in the central area of the Bohai Sea. The average ratio of DIN/PO4-P was much higher than the Redfield Ratio （16：1）. Apparently, PO4-P was one of the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growing in the sea. The average concentrations of DON and DOP were higher than their inorganic forms. The results of eutrophication assessment show that 22.1% of all stations were classified as violating the concentration levels of the National Seawater Quality Standard （GB 3097-1997） for DIN and only 3.9% for PO4-R The average eutrophication index in the overall area was 0.21±0.22 and the high values occurred in Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and near the Yellow River estuary. This means that the state of eutrophication was generally mesotrophic in the Bohai Sea, but relatively worse in the bays, especially some river estuaries.

Application of an integrated methodology for eutrophication assessment:a case study in the Bohai Sea

An integrated methodology for eutrophication assessment,which integrates both water quality indicators(causative factors) and ecological response indicators(effect factors),is described.It is then applied to rank the eutrophication status of the years 2007 and 2008 in the southwest Bohai Sea.The assessment model identified that north Bohai Bay and west Laizhou Bay were the two areas with the most serious eutrophication problems in the southwest Bohai Sea.In addition,compared to that in the west Laizhou Bay,the eutrophication conditions in the north Bohai Bay was more serious in both years.Eutrophication problems such as harmful algal blooms(HABs) and low dissolved oxygen(DO) events in north Bohai Bay were frequent.The integrated method outmatched the currently used Chinese nutrient index method by definitely identifying areas with the most serious eutrophication problems,while the nutrient index method gave ambiguous results between the two years.Inclusion of both causative factors and effect factors,combining concentration,spatial coverage and frequency of indicators,as well as use of multi-season monitoring datasets in the methodology result in a more accurate,representative and useful assessment.

Evaluation of a new method for placing nasojejunal feeding tubes

AIM:To compare fluoroscopic, endoscopic and guide wire assistance with ultraslim gastroscopy for placement of nasojejunal feeding tubes. METHODS:The information regarding nasojejunal tube placement procedures was retrieved using the gastrointestinal tract database at Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College. Records from 81 patients who underwent nasojejunal tubes placement by different techniques between 2004 and 2011 were reviewed for procedure success and tube-related outcomes. RESULTS:Nasojejunal feeding tubes were successfully placed in 78 (96.3%) of 81 patients. The success rate by fluoroscopy was 92% (23 of 25), by endoscopic technique 96.3% (26 of 27), and by guide wire assistance (whether via transnasal or transoral insertion)100% (23/23, 6/6). The average time for successful placement was 14.9 ± 2.9 min for fluoroscopic placement, 14.8 ± 4.9 min for endoscopic placement, 11.1 ± 2.2 min for guide wire assistance with transnasal gastroscopic placement, and 14.7 ± 1.2 min for transoral gastroscopic placement. Statistically, the duration for the third method was significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with the other three methods. Transnasal placement over a guidewire was significantly faster (P < 0.05) than any of the other approaches. CONCLUSION:Guide wire assistance with transnasal insertion of nasojejunal feeding tubes represents a safe, quick and effective method for providing enteral nutrition.

Application of Matter-element Model in Soil Nutrient Evaluation of Ecological Fragile Region

On the basis of the soil environment investigation in Da＇an City, Jilin Province, China, 40 soil samples from main land use types were obtained and tested by standard method. Soil organic matter （SOM）, total N （TN）, total P （TP）, total K （TK）, available N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK） were chosen as the evaluation factors. A regional soil nutrient evaluation model was developed based on the matter-element model. The results show that the soil samples with nutrient grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ respectively account for 10%, 30%, 32.5% and 27.5%, and those with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 60% in all samples. The relationship between soil nutrients and land types indicates that the nutrients of farmland are relatively good, with 41.7% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The nutrients of saline-alkali land and sandy land are the worst, with 100% of soil samples with the nutrient grade IV and V. And the ratios of soil samples grade IV and V in grassland and wasteland are respectively 62.5 % and 54.55%. Generally speaking, the soil nutrients status in Da＇an City is poor, 60% of soil samples are in poor and extremely poor conditions, indicating that the soil has been severely eroded. Being a relatively superior evaluation method with more accurate resuits and spatial distribution consistency, matter-element analysis is more suitable for regional soil nutrient evaluation than previous models.

A fast method to evaluate water eutrophication

Water eutrophication has become a worldwide environmental problem in recent years.Once a water body is eutrophicated,it will lose its primary functions and subsequently influence sustainable development of society and economy.Therefore,analysis of eutrophication becomes one of the most essential issues at present.With the ability to deal with vague and uncertain information,and express knowledge in a rule form,the rough set theory(RST) has been widely applied in diverse domains.The advantage of RST is that it can compress the rule and remove needless features by reduction inference rule.By this way,the rule gets effectively simplified and inference efficiency gets improved.However,if data amount is relatively big,it could be a process with large calculated amount to search rules by looking up tables.Petri nets(PNs) possesses so powerful parallel reasoning ability that inference result could be obtained rapidly merely by simple matrix manipulation with no need for searching rules by looking up tables.In this work,an integrated RPN model combining RST with PN was used to analyze relations between degrees of water eutrophication level and influence factors in the Pengxi River of Three Gorges Reservoir.It was shown that the RPN model could analyze water eutrophicaion accurately and quickly,and yield decision rules for the decision-makers at water purification plants of the water quality and assist them in making more cost-effective decisions.

Sustainability Evaluation of Different Systems for Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) Farming Based on Emergy Theory

Emergy analysis is effective for analyzing ecological economic systems. However, the accuracy of the approach is af- fected by the diversity of economic level, meteorological and hydrological parameters in different regions. The present study evalu- ated the economic benefits, environmental impact, and sustainability of indoor, semi-intensive and extensive farming systems of sea cucumber （Apostichopus japonicus） in the same region. The results showed that A. japonicus indoor farming system was high in input and output （yield） whereas pond extensive farming system was low in input and output. The output/input ratio of indoor fann- ing system was lower than that of pond extensive farming system, and the output/input ratio of semi-intensive farming system fell in between them. The environmental loading ratio of A.japonicus extensive fanning system was lower than that of indoor farming sys- tem. In addition, the emergy yield and emergy exchange ratios, and emergy sustainability and emergy indexes for sustainable devel- opment were higher in extensive farming system than those in indoor farming system. These results indicated that the current exten- sive farming system exerted fewer negative influences on the environment, made more efficient use of available resources, and met more sustainable development requirements than the indoor farming system. A. japonicus farming systems showed more emergy benefits than fish fanning systems. The pond fanning systems ofA. japonicus exploited more free local environmental resources for production, caused less potential pressure on the local environment, and achieved higher sustainability than indoor farming system.

Evaluation of Soil Fertility Suitability of Yiliang Tobacco-growing Areas in Yunnan Province

[Objective]This study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility in Yiliantobacco-growing areas of Hunan Province.[Method]The soil nutrient contents iseven tobacco-growing towns of Yiliang County,Yunnan Province were surveyefrom 2010 to 2013 and integrated soil fertility index（SFI value）was calculated tanalyze the soil fertility suitability in theses areas.[Result]The soil p H,contents oorganic matter,hydrolytic N,rapidly available K and available B were all at an appropriate level,while the contents of rapidly available P,available Mg,available Zand water-soluble Cl-were high.Among them,the contents of available P and water-soluble Cl-had great variation.Finally,the soil fertility suitability of Yiliang tobacco-growing areas was graded based on their SFI values.As a result,20%of thestobacco-growing areas were in Grade I,47.7%in Grade II,29.3%in Grade III1.5%in Grade IV and 1.5%in Grade V.The average SFI was 0.61.From 2010 t2013,the p H value and available Mg content reduced year by year,while the contents of organic matter,hydrolytic N,rapidly available P,rapidly available K,available Zn,available B and water-soluble Cl-were increased.

Media Appraisal for Somatic Embryogenesis of Elite Inbred Lines of Maize

Several protocols have been published for somatic embryogenesis in maize. It is essential to compare different protocols on selected germplasm at initial stages of tissue culture to identify a protocol that would yield optimum results. The ultimate goal is to use in vitro system for selecting and generating stress tolerant maize germplasm. Immature embryos of the elite inbred lines of maize （87014 ×Z28-11 and POP43SRS5-57） were cultured on three different semi-solid media （0.5% agar） and the effectiveness of the media for somatic embryogenesis assessed over a period two weeks of sub-culturing. A significant difference was observed among the media in proportion of potentially embryogenic calli and callus cluster size at 1 and 2 weeks after culturing. N6 medium supplemented with casaminoacid （100 mg/L）, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid （1 mg/L）, L-proline （25 mM） and sucrose （2%）, and Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium supplemented with 2, 4-D （2 mg/L） and sucrose （3%） gave higher proportion of potentially embryogenic calli and callus size than MS medium supplemented with casaminoacids （100 mg/L）, 2, 4-D （2 mg/L）, abscissic acid （3.3μM）, and silver nitrate （195 μM） and sucrose （3%）. The difference between genotypes is not significant