黑麦草内生植物真菌和绵羊的黑麦草蹒跚病

高温高湿的季节,以黑麦草为主的混播放牧草地或单一的黑麦草牧地中放牧饲养的家畜,常表现出一种奇特的怪病,此病尤以绵羊最易发。这种病在世界的北半球和南半球均有发生,而且越来越严重,威胁着草地畜牧业的发展。在我国南方的人工草场上,放牧员和兽医,根据临床症状,常把它误诊为“脑脊髓绦虫病”或“传染性胸膜肺炎”。经过尸体剖检、微生物学诊断、以及寄生虫病实验室诊断,均查不出病因。然而,新西兰的草地畜牧业专家,近几年来,开展“黑麦草内生植物真菌试验”研究,终于使该病真相大白。

高效薄层色谱法快速测定由药用植物内生真菌产生的紫杉醇(英文)

Taxol is an important anticancer drug used widely in the clinical field.In this study,some endophytic fungi were isolated from selected medicinal plants,and were screened for their potential in the production of taxol,using a rapid separation technique of high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC).Of the 20 screened fungi,only 13 fungal species produced taxol in the artificial culture medium.The results of HPTLC showed that the 13 fungal species had identical ultraviolet(UV) characteristics,positive reactivity with a spray reagent,yielding a blue spot,which turned to dark gray after 24 hours,and had Rf values identical to that of the authentic taxol.The amount of taxol was also quantified by comparing the peak area and the peak height of the fungal samples with those of authentic taxol.

The Effects of Increasing Production of Endophytes Phomopsis B3 on Rice

After insufflating extended endophytes phomopsis B3 ferment diluent on seedling bed of rice, the effect of microbial inoculum on rice growth was studied. The investigation result of seedlings before transplanting seedling showed that leaf age,the number of green leaves,the number of tiller of individual plant and the weight of per 100 fresh plants in microbial inoculum treatment group increased 0.11,0.12 ,0. 03 and 2.6 g respectively compared with those of control group. 20 days after transplanting, increased tiller number in microbial inoculum treatment group was 55 500 hm^2 more than that in control group. 30 days after transplanting, tiller number in microbial inoculum treatment group was 42 000 hm^2 more than that in control group. In harvest season, the yield ,weight of I 0130 grain and seed-setting rate increased 300 kg/hm2, 0. 7 g and 0. 23% respectively compared with these in control group. The result of preliminary study demonstrated that microbial inoculum confected by endophytes phomopsis B3 could increase the number of strong seedling and yield.

Feasibility of enhanced phytoextraction of Zn contaminated soil with Zn mobilizing and plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria

Three bacterial endophytes of Sedum alfredii, VI8L2, II8L4 and VI8R2, were examined for promoting soil Zn bioavailability and Zn accumulation in S. alfredii. Results showed that three strains were re-introduced into S. alfredii rhizosphere soils under Zn stress and resulted in better plant growth, as roots biomass increased from 80% to 525% and shoot biomass from 11% to 47% compared with the uninoculated ones. Strains IVsLz, II8L4 and IVsR2 significantly increased shoot and root Zn concentrations in the ZnCO3 contaminated soil. Inoculation with strain IVsL2 resulted in 44% and 39% higher shoot and root Zn concentrations, while strain IV8R2 significantly decreased shoot Zn concentration in the Zn3（PO4）2 contaminated soils. In the aged contaminated soil, isolates IVsL2, IIsL4 and IVsR2 significantly increased root Zn concentration, but decreased shoot Zn concentration of Sedum alfredii. It suggested that endophytes might be used for enhancing phytoextraction efficiency.

First report of an endophyte (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae) from Kandelia candel

Mangrove endophytic fungus 1893 was isolated from Kandelia candel from an estuarine mangrove on the South China Sea Coast Two new lactones 1893A and 1893B, together with other known compounds, have been isolated from its fermentation broth. To classify the endophyte correctly for further industrial application, a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was used to approach its identity. The endophyte was compared with similar species having trichogynes or trichogyne-like hyphae which apparently fused with an- theridium-like hyphae, and perithecia initials developing from an ascogonial coil surrounded by enveloping hyphae in early developmental stages on pure culture. Further morphological characteristics on host and non-host were used for comparison with similar species when the endophyte was cultivated on leaves ofKandelia candel and Mangifera indica, respectively, which resulted in classifying the endophyte as a Phomopsis specics. The ITS sequence of rDNA was used to infer its phylogenetic relationships with Phomopsis species that resembled the strain in morphology or ecology. Finally, the endophyte was identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae based on morphological and molecular evidence. Our study is a first report ofDiaporthephaseolorum var. sojae isolated from mangrove Kandelia candel.

病虫草害及其防治

W001021 外源水杨酸对减轻大麦镰孢属苗枯病的影响[刊,英]/Wigniewska,H.…∥ActaPhysiologiae Plantarum.-1999,2l(1).-63～66[WBTA,1999,16(4),3024]W001022 种子处理后腐生真菌内生植物在大麦定殖及其对植株生长和白粉病严重度的影响[刊,英]/Vilich,V.…∥Zeitschrift frPflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz.-1998,

生物农药的现在和未来

生物农药的现在和未来生物农药生物农药的有效成份或要素是微生物。目前，生物农药的使用不到作物保护用药的１％。主要的生物农药是以苏云金芽孢杆菌（Ｂｔ）配制的产品。由于在配方和生产上有所改进，Ｂｔ产品的销售近来急剧增加（１９８９至１９９２年约增加８０％，有...

Identification of mangrove endophytic fungus 1403 (Fusarium proliferatum) based on morphological and molecular evidence

A mangrove endophytic fungus 1403 isolated from the South China Sea Coast, which is able to produce griseofulvin and anthra- cenediones under submerged fermentation, was compared with Fusarium genus with the similar morphological characters such as elongated, microconidium-producing conidiophores, ovoid microconidia and straight to slightly curved macroconidia. It was found that the fungus 1403 resembles pathogenic E verticillioides （teleomophy Gibberella moniliforme） in the production of false head or chains and abundant microconidia on the aerial mycelium, but different in the occasional formation of polyphialides with relatively long as well as short mono- phialides, in its typical coiled hyphae and mycelia fusion. Through maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses, the fungus 1403 was fur- ther compared with some similar Fusarium species. The results indicated that this endophyte was identified as Fusarium proliferatum based on the analyses of partial 18S and 28S rDNA genes, ITS region, and EF- 1 α gene.

A novel in vitro system for gamete fusion in maize

Various systems by using electric pulse, calcium, or polyethylene glycol have been developed in the past decade for the in vitro fusion of plant gametes. These in vitro systems provide a new way to study the fertilization mechanisms of plants. In this study, we developed a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-mediated fusion system for the in vitro fusion of maize gametes. The in vitro fusion of the isolated single egg cell and sperm cell of maize was observed microscopically in the BSA solution and the fertilized egg cell showed normal cell wall regeneration and nuclear division. The effects of the BSA concentration, pH value and calcium level on the efficiency of the maize gamete fusion were also assessed. BSA concentration and pH value did significantly affect the efficiency of the gamete fusion. Calcium was not necessary for the gamete fusion when BSA was present. The optimal solution for the gamete fusion contained 0.1% BSA, pH 6.0. The fusion frequency was as high as 96.7% in that optimal solution. This new in vitro fertilization system offers an alterna- tive tool for the in vitro study of fertilization mechanisms with much simpler manipulating procedure than PEG system, and it will be especially useful for the in vitro study of the calcium dynamics during plant fertilization.

Liver biochemistry profile,significance and endoscopic management of biliary tract complications post orthotopic liver transplantation

AIM： To correlate the significance of liver biochemical tests in diagnosing post orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） biliary complications and to study their profile before and after endoscopic therapy.METHODS： Patients who developed biliary complications were analysed in detail for the clinical information, laboratory tests, treatment offered, response to it, follow up and outcomes. The profile of liver enzymes was determined. The safety, efficacy and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography （ERC） were also analysed. RESULTS： 40 patients required ERC for 70 biliary complications. GGT was found to be 〉 3 times （388.1 ± 70.9 U/mL vs 168.5 4± 34.2 U/L, P = 0.007） and SAP 〉 2 times （345.1 ± 59.1 U/L vs 152.7 ± 21.4 U/L, P = 0.003） the immediate post OLT values. Most frequent complication was isolated anastomotic res in 28 （40%）. Sustained success was achieved in 26 （81%） patients. CONCLUSION： Biliary complications still remain an important problem post OLT. SAP and GGT can be used as early, non-invasive markers for diagnosis and also to assess the adequacy of therapy. Endoscopic management is usually effective in treating the majority of these biliary complications.

Evidences for involvement of endogenous cAMP in Arabidopsis defense responses to Verticillium toxins

Although there were reports suggesting the involvement of endogenous cAMP in plant defense signaling cascades, there is no direct evidence supporting this notion yet and the detailed mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we have used pathogenic fungi Verticillium dahliae and Arabidopsis plants as a model system of plant-microb interaction to demonstrate the function of endogenous cAMP in Arabidopsis defense responses. Both V. dahliae inoculation and Verticillium toxins injection induced typical “wilt” symptoms in Arabidopsis seedlings. When either 8-Br-AMP (a membrane permeable cAMP analogue) or salicylic acid (SA) was applied to Arabidopsis, the plants became resistant to V. dahliae toxins. However, addition of 8-Br-AMP did not increase the resistance of Arabidopsis transgenic plants deficient in SA to the toxins, suggesting that cAMP might act upstream of SA in plant defense signaling pathway. Indeed, 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, significantly stimulated the endogenous SA level in plants, whereas DDA, an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase dramatically reduced toxin-induced SA increase. Both the endog- enous cAMP and SA increased significantly in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with toxins. Furthermore, transcription level of pathogenesis-related protein 1 gene (PR1) was strongly induced by both 8-Br-cAMP and the toxin treatment. Taken together, our data demonstrate that endogenous cAMP is involved in plant defense responses against Verticillium- secreted toxins by regulating the production of the known signal SA in plant defense pathway.

Experimental study on interbody fusion with CFR/PEEK

Objective:To studythebiocompatibilityof CFR/PEEKcompositeinbonetissueafterimplantedinlumbar intervertebralspaceandto evaluateitsroleintheinterbodyfusioncomparedwithallograftbone.Meth ods:Thirteen beagleswerechosenamongwhich7animalswereimplantedwiththedisk-likeCFR/PEEKcompositein thelumbar intervertebralspaceand6wereimplantedwithallograftbone.X-ray,QCTandhistologicalexaminationwereem-ployedat6,12,and24monthspostoperatively.Results:TheX-rayresultswereinconformitywiththatof QCT.His-tologicalexaminationshowedtheanteriorsofttissueof theimplantexhibiteda nonspecificforeignbodyreaction withconnectivetissuethebiomaterials.Carbonfragmentwereseeninthesurroundingtissueandsomeof thedebric werephagocytosedby foreignbodygiantcell.Histologicalexaminationof boneand materialshowednew bone growthalonetheholeof CFR/PEEKimplant.Con clu sion:CFR/PEEKhasexcellentbiocompatibilityto bonetissue.

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation of Moss Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Macromitrium sp. in Sri Lanka

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, which are the major by-products of fossil fuel burning, are released to the environment with the immense growth of urbanization and industrialization. These pollutants are subsequently deposited on many substrates including plant surfaces. Due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and recalcitrant nature, they can result in many hazardous effects on human health. Application of endophytes in bioremediation has shown much promise in removing these PAHs from contaminated substrates. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from the moss plant Macromitrium sp. （frequently available） in Sapugaskanda （highly polluted） and HettimuUa （less polluted） areas in Sri Lanka. Subsequently, their potential in degrading PAHs （naphthalene and phenanthrene） was investigated. Endophytes from the moss were isolated following the surface sterilization method, and their physiological roles in degrading naphthalene and phenanthrene were carried out using plate assays, spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） analysis. Most of the endophytie fungi isolated from Macromitrium sp. were able to grow in Bacto Bushnell-Haas （BBH） medium incorporated with naphthalene and phenanthrene, separately, displaying colony diameters more than 30 mm. As per the results obtained from spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis, Penicillium oxalicum, Nigrospora oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae, A. aculeatus, Penicillium sp.1, Penicillium sp.5, Eupenicillium sp.2 and Mortierella sp.1 degraded both naphthalene and phenanthrene more than 85%. The fmdings of the present investigation provide some insight into how these endophytic fungi could be used for bioremediation of PAHs in environmental sites where contamination prevails, and also open avenues for future research in the relevant field.

Relations between Site Conditions and Endophyte Colonization of Grasses in Poland

The most important and valuable grass species in Polish grassland swards are known to host symptomless endophytic fungi, from Neotyphodium genera. For agricultural practice, endophyte-plant symbiosis is both positive and negative. Endophyte-infected grasses express range of adaptations to abiotic and biotic stress. However, in certain circumstances endophytes may produce toxic alkaloids that have been linked with animal production and health problems. Intensive research towards identification of endophyte fungi growing symptomless in grasses of semi-natural grasslands was undertaken in Poland. The aims of our studies were to discover endophytes distribution across country with relation to site conditions and few climatic factors. Endophytes were found not to be very frequent, but distributed rather evenly across explored regions. Endophyte fungi were found the most frequently in meadow fescue （Festucapratensis Huds.） plants, which is common fact, as contrary to presence of endophyte hyphae in tufted hairgrass （Deschampsia cespitosa UP.B） and smooth-stalked meadow grass （Poa pratensis L.）. Presence of endophytes in explored regions was related to average longitude of collection site （0.63^＊＊） and number of sunshine hours per year （-0.70^＊＊）. Intensity ofendophyte colonization was related to yearly mean air temperature （-0.69^＊＊） and to the length of winter （0.80^＊＊）. Presence of endophytes was not related to intensity of colonization. The selective pressure of usage intensity towards more frequent endophyte colonization was not confirmed.

Spectral Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter for Productive Inland Waters and Its Source Analysis

This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） and spectral slope （S）, and further to analyze its sources in three productive water supplies （Eagle Creek, Geist and Morse reservoirs） from Indiana, USA. The re- sults showed that he absorption coefficient aCDOM（440） ranged from 0.37 m-1 to 3.93 m-1 with an average of 1.89 ± 0.76 m-1 （±SD） for the aggregated dataset, and S varied from 0.0048 nm -1 to 0.0239 nm-1 with an average of 0.0108 ±0.0040 nmI. A significant relation- ship between S and aCDOM（440） can be fitted with a power equation （S = 0.013 × aCDOM（440）-0.42, R2 = 0.612）, excluding data from Geist Reservoir during high flow （12 April 2010） and the Morse Reservoir on 25 June 2010 due to a T-storm achieves even higher determina- tion coefficient （R2 = 0.842）. Correlation analysis indicated that aCDOM（440） has strong association with inorganic suspended matter （ISM） concentration （0.231 〈 R2 〈 0.786） for each of the field surveys, and this trend followed the aggregated datasets （R2 = 0.447, p 〈 0.001）. In contrast, chlorophyll-a was only correlated with aCDOM（440） in summer and autumn （0.081 〈 R2 〈 0.763）, indicating that CDOM is mainly from terrigenous sources in early spring and that phytoplankton contributed during the algal blooming season. The S value was used to characterize CDOM origin. The results indicate that the CDOM source is mainly controlled by hydrological varia- tions, while phytoplankton originated organic matter also closely linked with CDOM dynamics in three productive reservoirs.

Selection of Superior Breeding Infraspecies Gaharu of Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke

Research on selection of superior breeding infraspecies Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke aims to select an infraspecies of G. versteegii having internal factors that affect the quality and quantity of production aromatic resin or agarwood. The internal factors are variations in wood anatomy, phytochemicals and agarwood of infraspecies G. versteegii. Of five local populations taken from West Lombok Island in Indonesia, the research areas are geographically located at coordinates： 8°15′-8°40′ South Latitude and 116°00′-116°20′East Longitude. Quality and quantity of agarwood production is influenced by internal factors of eaglewood trees, such as high starch production and the size of the cells making up the larger wood tissue. Infraspecies G. versteegii that have quality and quantity production of aromatic resin （the best agarwood） is Beringin group and the highest quantity of agarwood production （agarwood formation on the whole organ） is Soyun group.

DNA methyltransferase inhibitor dramatically alters the secondary metabolism of Pestalotiopsis microspora

5-Azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, led to significant changes in the secondary metabolism of the plant endophytic fungus, Pestalotiopsis microspora. Analysis of the culture broth extract led to the isolation of a new compound, 4＇-forrnamidophenyl-5-methoxybenzoate （1）, along with seven known polyketides, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid （2）, LL-P880ct （3）, 1＇-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one （4）, pestalotiollide B （5）, pestalotiopyrone G （6）, endocrocin （7） and 2＇-hydroxy- 6＇-hydroxymethyl-4＇-methylphenyl-2,6-dihydroxy-3-（2-isopentenyl）benzoate （8）. HPLC profiles revealed that all compounds except for 4 belonged to the newly induced secondary metabolites. In addition, all compounds were proved to be devoid of significant antifungal activity in the bioassays.

Mutualistic fungal endophytes produce phytohormones and organic acids that promote japonica rice plant growth under prolonged heat stress

This study identifies the potential role in heat-stress mitigation of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LWL1 in japonica rice cultivar Dongjin. The japonica rice was grown in controlled chamber conditions with and without P. formosus LWL1 under no stress （NS） and prolonged heat stress （HS） conditions. Endophytic association under NS and HS conditions significantly improved plant growth attributes, such as plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, P. for- mosus LWL1 protected the rice plants from HS compared with controls, indicated by the lower endogenous level of stress-signaling compounds such as abscisic acid （25.71%） and jasmonic acid （34.57%） and the increase in total protein content （18.76%-33.22%）. Such fungal endophytes may be helpful for sustainable crop production under high environmental temperatures.

Endophytes from medicinal plants and their potential for producing indole acetic acid, improving seed germination and mitigating oxidative stress

Medicinal plants have been used by marginal communities to treat various ailments. However, the potential of endophytes within these bio-prospective medicinal plants remains unknown. The present study elucidates the endophytic diversity of medicinal plants（Caralluma acutangula, Rhazya stricta, and Moringa peregrina） and the endophyte role in seed growth and oxidative stress. Various organs of medicinal plants yielded ten endophytes, which were identified as Phoma sp.（6 isolates）, Alternaria sp.（2）, Bipolaris sp.（1）, and Cladosporium sp.（1） based on 18 S rD NA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The culture filtrates（CFs; 25%, 50%, and 100% concentrations） from these endophytes were tested against the growth of normal and dwarf mutant rice lines. Endophytic CF exhibited dose-dependent growth stimulation and suppression effects. CF（100%） of Phoma sp. significantly increased rice seed germination and growth compared to controls and other endophytes. This growth-promoting effect was due to the presence of indole acetic acid in endophytic CF. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（GC/MS） analysis showed the highest indole acetic acid content（（54.31±0.21） μmol/L） in Bipolaris sp. In addition, the isolate of Bipolaris sp. exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation activity than the other isolates. Bipolaris sp. and Phoma sp. also exhibited significantly higher flavonoid and phenolic contents. The medicinal plants exhibited the presence of bio-prospective endophytic strains, which could be used for the improvement of crop growth and the mitigation of oxidative stresses.

Stoichiometric homeostasis in response to variable water and nutrient supply in a Robinia pseudoacacia plant-soil system

All organisms need elements in fixed proportions for carrying out normal metabolic processes and how flexible they are depends on how effective they are utilizing these resources from external sources.It is important to understand the interactions among plant,soil and microbial biomass carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)stoichiometry under different conditions of resource supply.We conducted a pot experiment on 1-year-old Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings for nearly 5 months under different water,nitrogen and phosphorus supplies,and we determined plant,soil and microbial biomass C,N and P stoichiometry.We found that plant,soil and microbial nutrients and stoichiometry exhibited a certain degree of plasticity in response to the changes in water and nutrient conditions in their environments.Variation partitioning analysis showed that root stoichiometry accounted for a large part of the variance in microbial stoichiometry.Structural equation modeling further revealed that root stoichiometry and leaf stoichiometry were two direct factors affecting microbial biomass C:N and C:P,and that root stoichiometry had the greatest direct effect.In addition,the degree of homeostasis for microbial biomass C and C:P was more sensitive to changes in soil nutrients than changes in other factors,and other elements and elemental ratios displayed strict homeostasis.These results highlight the importance of studying microbial stoichiometry in improving our understanding of nutrient cycling of the plant-soil system under different water and nutrient supply.