战略坐标视角下的专利技术主题分析——以第三代移动通信技术为例

以第三代移动通信技术领域为例,本文从17864项专利文献的标题和摘要中抽取了技术术语,之后对其进行了战略坐标视角下的共词分析。在卡龙的技术子簇的构建方法基础上,运用饱和值标准进行聚类和技术主题的划分,并构建了内联度和外联度指标,之后在实证分析中将共词分析法、聚类分析法与战略坐标分析法相结合,绘制出了专利技术主题战略坐标图,展示了第三代移动通信技术领域的技术研发现状和发展趋势。最终专利技术主题战略坐标图表明,有25个专利技术主题位于战略坐标1、2象限,表明这些专利技术主题的外部扩散能力较强;有24个专利技术主题位于1、4象限,表明这些专利技术主题的内部连接能力较强,研究主题的稳定性较强。

Vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density for detection and prognostic evaluation of invasive breast cancer

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and CD105-microvessel density （MVD）in invasive breast carcinomas. We also aimed to analyze the relationship between VEGF and MVD expression with other standard prognostic parameters associated with invasive breast cancer, such as size, grade, stage of the cancer, metastases, and tumor recurrence. Methods immunohistochemistry via the Ultra SensitiveTM S-P method was used to detect VEGF and MVD expression in 128 cases of invasive breast carcinoma. Specimens were evaluated for CD105 expression. Positively stained microvessels were counted in dense vascular loci under 400x magnification, MVD in the peripheral area adjacent to the lesion and in the central, area within the lesion in invasive breast carcinomas and benign leisions groups were also assessed. Fifty cases of benign breast disease tissue were selected as the control group. Results Results showed that 64.1% of invasive breast cancer samples were VEGF-positive, higher than in benign breast disease tissue （22.0%, P 〈 0.05）. There was a positive correlation between VEGF overexpression and histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis of invasive breast cancer. VEGF expression was not related to age or size of the tumor （P 〉 0.05）. MVD of the peripheral area adjacent to the lesion was significantly higher than those central area within the lesion in both invasive breast cancer and benignbreast disease groups （P 〈 0.01 for each group）. There were significant differences in the mean CD105-MVD, between invasive breast tumors with a histological grade of Ⅰ or Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ; between tumors with lymph node or distant metastasis; and between patients with or without recurrence （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no difference in the mean MVD between the two age groups （≤ 50 years vs. 〉 50 years） or the two tumor diameter groups （〈 2 cm vs. 〉 2 cm）, P 〉 0.05. Conclusion Overexpression of VEGF and MVD may be important biological.markers for invasion and lymph node and distant metastases of invasive breast cancer. Combined detection of the two tumor markers could provide better prognostic monitoring for disease recurrence and metastasis, as well as aid with clinical staging of breast tumors. Prediction of the risk for metastasis and recurrence, as well as recurrence patterns based on VEGF and MVD post-surgery, could aid design of better follow-up regimens and appropriate treatment strategies for breast cancer patients.

The Economic Effect of Mineral Resources Exploitation in Bijie Prefecture in Guizhou

The exploitation of mineral resources plays an important role in promoting national economic development. Mining is an essential component of China's industrial economy. Using grey correlation method to analyze the correlative effect of mineral resources exploitation to relevant industries, using national income method to calculate the pulling effect of mineral resources exploitation to economic growth and using graphs as well as tables to analyze the income distribution effect, the article obtains active economic effect of mineral resources development in Bijie, Guizhou. Moreover, from the view of resources-cored effect, the article analyzes negative effects such as single industrial structure brought by mineral resource development. Through analysis, we find that mineral resources exploitation to some extent brings active effects including gross domestic product growth, local financial revenue growth and relevant industries development; however, its negative effects should not be ignored. The negative effect can be lightened by diversifying industrial structure and prolonging industrial chain.

The Principle of Non-interference and its Application in Practices of Contemporary International Law

The principle of non-interference is that sovereign states shall not inter- vene in each other＇s internal affairs. It is the general principle of contemporary international law that the non-interference in each other＇s internal affairs is based on the respect for states＇ sovereignty and territorial integration, which governs the relations between states in regard to their rights and obligations. It has been estab- lished as the general principle of international law or customary law in compliance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. Nevertheless, its application depends on the determination of the matter in question within the domestic juris- diction and of the applicable international laws accordingly. It was and is still controversial in practices of international law to make such determination. This article focuses on the analysis of the principle of non-interference and its relation with the determination of domestic affairs, the relation between the principle of non- interference and the R2P, as well as the recent institutional development of global protection for human rights such as the HRC related to domestic affairs.