Integrating high content carbon into the negative electrodes of advanced lead–acid batteries effectively eliminates the sulfation and improves the cycle life,but brings the problem of hydrogen evolution,which increas...Integrating high content carbon into the negative electrodes of advanced lead–acid batteries effectively eliminates the sulfation and improves the cycle life,but brings the problem of hydrogen evolution,which increases inner pressure and accelerates the water loss.In this review,the mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction in advanced lead–acid batteries,including lead–carbon battery and ultrabattery,is briefly reviewed.The strategies on suppression hydrogen evolution via structure modifications of carbon materials and adding hydrogen evolution inhibitors are summarized as well.The review points out effective ways to inhibit hydrogen evolution and prolong the cycling life of advanced lead–acid battery,especially in high-rate partial-state-of-charge applications.展开更多
Recent studies have shown that major nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth's mantle, such as olivine, pyroxene and garnet, can incorporate considerable amounts of water as structurally bound hydroxyl. Even a s...Recent studies have shown that major nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth's mantle, such as olivine, pyroxene and garnet, can incorporate considerable amounts of water as structurally bound hydroxyl. Even a small amount of water is present in mantle minerals, it can strongly affect a number of physical properties, including density, sound velocity, melting temperature, and electrical conductivities. The presence of water can also influence the dynamic behavior, lead to lateral velocity heterogeneities, and affect the material circulation of the Earth's deep interior. In particular, seismic studies have reported the existence of low-velocity zones in various locations of the Earth's upper mantle and transition zone, which has been expected to be associated with the presence of water in the region. In the past two decades, the effect of water on the elasticity and sound velocities of minerals at relevant pressure-temperature(P-T) conditions of the Earth's mantle attracted extensive interests. Combining the high P-T experimental and theoretical mineralogical results with seismic observations provides crucial constraints on the distribution of water in the Earth's mantle. In this study, we summarize recent experimental and theoretical mineral physics results on how water affects the elasticity and sound velocity of nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth's mantle, which aims to provide new insights into the effect of hydration on the density and velocity profile of the Earth's mantle, which are of particular importance in understanding of water distribution in the region.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of State Grid Corporation of Chinathe National Thousand Talents Program of China
文摘Integrating high content carbon into the negative electrodes of advanced lead–acid batteries effectively eliminates the sulfation and improves the cycle life,but brings the problem of hydrogen evolution,which increases inner pressure and accelerates the water loss.In this review,the mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction in advanced lead–acid batteries,including lead–carbon battery and ultrabattery,is briefly reviewed.The strategies on suppression hydrogen evolution via structure modifications of carbon materials and adding hydrogen evolution inhibitors are summarized as well.The review points out effective ways to inhibit hydrogen evolution and prolong the cycling life of advanced lead–acid battery,especially in high-rate partial-state-of-charge applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41590621 & 41473058)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. WK2080000097)
文摘Recent studies have shown that major nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth's mantle, such as olivine, pyroxene and garnet, can incorporate considerable amounts of water as structurally bound hydroxyl. Even a small amount of water is present in mantle minerals, it can strongly affect a number of physical properties, including density, sound velocity, melting temperature, and electrical conductivities. The presence of water can also influence the dynamic behavior, lead to lateral velocity heterogeneities, and affect the material circulation of the Earth's deep interior. In particular, seismic studies have reported the existence of low-velocity zones in various locations of the Earth's upper mantle and transition zone, which has been expected to be associated with the presence of water in the region. In the past two decades, the effect of water on the elasticity and sound velocities of minerals at relevant pressure-temperature(P-T) conditions of the Earth's mantle attracted extensive interests. Combining the high P-T experimental and theoretical mineralogical results with seismic observations provides crucial constraints on the distribution of water in the Earth's mantle. In this study, we summarize recent experimental and theoretical mineral physics results on how water affects the elasticity and sound velocity of nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth's mantle, which aims to provide new insights into the effect of hydration on the density and velocity profile of the Earth's mantle, which are of particular importance in understanding of water distribution in the region.
