窄带成像技术配合放大内镜检查法诊断早期胃癌的效果分析

目的:探讨用窄带成像技术配合放大内镜检查法诊断早期胃癌的效果。方法:选取2017年3月至2019年3月期间临汾市中心医院消化内科收治的100例疑似早期胃癌患者作为研究对象。在这些患者入院后,分别采用普通白光放大胃镜检查法、窄带成像技术配合放大内镜检查法对其病情进行诊断。取病灶最明显处进行组织病理学活检。将进行组织病理学活检的结果作为最终的诊断结果,比较用普通白光放大胃镜检查法、窄带成像技术配合放大内镜检查法诊断早期胃癌的敏感性、特异性和准确率。结果:用窄带成像技术配合白光放大内镜检查法对这些患者的病情进行诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率均高于用常规白光放大内镜检查法对其病情进行诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率,P<0.05。结论:用窄带成像技术配合放大内镜检查法诊断早期胃癌的准确率、特异度、灵敏度均较高。

0型进展期胃癌40例的内镜与病理特征分析

目的:分析0型进展期胃癌的内镜与病理特征。方法:回顾分析2006年1月至2008年3月经我院外科手术确诊的944例胃癌患者的病理手术记录和相应的内镜图像,筛选出其中0型进展期胃癌者,对其一般情况、内镜下病变形态、手术病理进行分析,并与同期的早期胃癌患者作比较。结果:944例胃癌患者中,进展期胃癌患者共748例,其中40例为0型进展期胃癌,占进展期胃癌的5.3%,占胃癌总数的4.2%。40例中除1例为胃癌根治术后吻合口复发病灶外,其余均为原发病灶。病变部位以胃角最多见(14例,35.0%)。内镜形态以单纯0-Ⅱc型及0-Ⅱc+Ⅲ型为多见;病灶平均最大径为(3.2±1.2)cm。分化癌与未分化癌间病灶大小差异无统计学意义(P=0.153)。40例患者中,有28例(70.0%)患者肿瘤浸润深度局限于肌层,而肿瘤浸润浆膜下层及浆膜层者分别为2例(5.0%)和9例(22.5%);同时,有6例患者(15.0%)出现局部淋巴结转移。与同期早期胃癌相比,0型进展期胃癌患者被确诊时平均年龄较大(P=0.045),病灶最大径较大(P=0.018),周围黏膜皱襞改变尤其是Ⅴ型皱襞融合的现象更多见(P<0.001,P=0.002)。结论:0型进展期胃癌患者约占进展期胃癌总数的5.0%,其内镜形态与早期胃癌相似,浸润深度大多限于肌层,淋巴结转移率亦与早期胃癌相似。

胃MALT淋巴瘤的形态特征及诊断

目的分析胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的临床特点及内镜特征。方法收集2009年6月-2010年12月,我院经病理证实的17例胃MALT淋巴瘤患者的病史资料、内镜图像及病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 17例患者中位年龄58.2岁,男女比例1.4∶1。临床症状无特异性,以上腹疼痛、饱胀不适最为常见。病灶范围较大,常累及胃体、胃窦部,形态上以溃疡样改变最为多见。首次胃镜活检病理检查确诊率为52.9%。幽门螺旋杆菌(H.pylori)感染率为78.6%。结论 MALT淋巴瘤的临床症状及内镜下表现无特异性,内镜下多点多方向活检、应用共聚焦激光显微内镜等导向活检、病理检查除常规HE染色外加做免疫组化或进一步行基因重排检测,有助于胃MALT淋巴瘤诊断。

微探头超声引导下行ESD治疗直肠类癌有效性和安全性评价

目的评价微探头超声内镜（MPS）引导下行内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）治疗直肠类癌的有效性和安全性。方法分析我院2014年1月至2015年12月间经MPS初步诊断直肠类癌,行ESD治疗并有病理证实的13例病例（14处病变）,其中男9例,女4例,平均年龄47岁（范围28~60岁）,分析其内镜形态学特点、ESD治疗及预后。结果 13例患者MPS主要表现为起源于黏膜下层未侵及肌层欠均匀低回声影像,直径均〈1 cm。ESD完整切除所有病变,病理结果显示ESD水平及垂直切缘均为阴性,术中均无出血及穿孔等并发症;与ESD术后病理诊断相比,MPS对直肠类癌诊断符合率为78.5%,对病变深度诊断准确性为100%,MPS测量病变大小较病理测量结果大（P〈0.05）;术后随访2~15月均无残留或复发。结论 MPS对直肠类癌具有较高诊断精度,可作为指导直肠类癌治疗必要程序,对病变大小〈1 cm的直肠类癌患者,经MPS引导下行ESD治疗是有效、安全和适宜的。

Public Screening for Early Carcinoma of Gastric Cardia: Rule of Carcinogenetic Development Observed by Endoscopy

Objective： To study the rule of development of early cancer of gastric cardia in vivo in public screening. Methods： A prospective cohort study on gastric cardiac cancer was performed in the high incidence area of cancer of esophagus and stomach in china. 106 subjects had been examined regularly by endoscopy to observe the change of mucosa in high incident area of gastric cardiac carcinoma developing at the root of gastric cardiac ridge by taking biopsy specimen. All specimens were diagnosed through normal pathological process to study the prognosis of pro-cancer lesions of gastric cardia. Results： The results of 106 subjects who had been observed for 4 years were： （1） Of 8 normal persons, 3 stayed normal, 4 turned to chronic gastritis, 1 developed early gastric cardiac cancer. （2） Of 61 persons with chronic gastritis, 11 were observed to have gland atrophy, 4 mild atypical hyperplasia, and 2 highly atypical hyperplasia. （3） Of 9 subjects showing atrophic chronic gastritis, 5 revealed no change, and 4 became chronic gastritis. （4） Of 22 subjects who revealed mild atypical hyperplasia, 17 resolved, 4 showed no change, and 1 advanced to highly atypical hyperplasia. （5） One person with highly atypical hyperplasia reverted to mild atypical hyperplasia. （6） Of 5 subjects with early gastric cardiac cancer without any treatment, 1 became advanced cancer, 1 still stayed in early cancer stage, and 3 turned to atypical hyperplasia. Conclusion： The development of early cancer of gastric cardia would proceed through the stages of chronic gastritis, gland atrophy, and atypical hyperplasia. （2） The early cancer and pre-cancer lesions of gastric cardia is reversible, though possessing malignant possibility.

0型进展期胃癌1例

病例：女，54岁，因“反复呕吐1个月余，加重1周”就诊。20年前有“阑尾炎”手术史。胃癌家族史：母亲50多岁时确诊胃癌．已于20余年前死亡；父亲50多岁时也患胃癌，40年前在我院手术。目前仍健在（92岁）；父母的兄弟姐妹多人死于胃癌。免疫组化：肿瘤细胞抗人角细胞广谱角蛋白（AE）1／3阳性，癌胚抗原（CEA）阳性，雌激素受体（ER）阴性，

远程医学的发展前景

早在1906年初,心电描记仪的发明者WilhelmEinthoven就工始了有关通过电话网络进行远程会诊的实验。20世纪50年代和60年代,相继出现了个别有关医疗长途通讯方面的实验,常常都是一些拥有医学背景的热心者,似乎看到了科技日趋发展的可能性。而这些实验主要是关于技术方面的。

Perspective on the practical indications of endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastrointestinal neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a new endoluminal therapeutic technique involving the use of cutting devices to permit a larger resection of the tissue over the muscularis propria. The major advantages of the technique in comparison with polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection are controllable resection size and shape and en bloc resection of a large lesion or a lesion with ulcerative findings. This technique is applied for the endoscopic treatment of epithelial neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract from the pharynx to the rectum. Furthermore, some carcinoids and submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract are treated by ESD. To determine the indication, two aspects should be considered. The first is a little likelihood of lymph node metastasis and the second is the technical resectability. In this review, practical guidelines of ESD for the gastrointestinal neoplasms are discussed based on the evidence found in the literature.

Premedication with pronase or N-acetylcysteine improves visibility during gastroendoscopy: An endoscopist-blinded, prospective, randomized study

AIM： To assess the efficacy of premedicaton with pronase or N-acetylcysteine （NAC） at 20 min before upper gastrointestinal （UGI） endoscopy and to determine whether pronase or NAC pretreatment influences the reliability of the rapid urease test. METHODS： A total of 146 patients were prospectively and randomly assigned into the study groups according to different premedications before endoscopy. One endoscopist assessed mucosal visibility （MV） with scores ranged from 1 to 4 at four sites in the stomach. The sum of the MV scores from these four locations was defined as the total mucosal visibility （TMV） score. Identification of Hpylori was performed using CLO test, histology, and serology. RESULTS： The Group with pronase premedication had a significantly lower TMV score than did the groups with gascon and gascon water （P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01, respectively）. The group with NAC had a significantly lower TMV score than the group with gascon （P 〈 0.01） and a trend of a lower MV score than the group with gascon water （P = 0.06）. The THV score did not significantly differ between the group with pronase and the group with NAC （P = 0.39 and P = 0.14, respectively）. The sensitivity and specifidty of the CLO test were 92.5% and 93.9%, respectively, in groups premedicated with pronase and NAC together.CONCLUSION： Premedication with pronase or NAC at 20 min before UGI endoscopy improves the mucosal visibility of the stomach. Neither pronase nor NAC produces any obvious interference with the CLO test for the identification of H pylori infection.

Review of endoscopic techniques in the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignancy of the biliary tract. Key factors in determining therapeutic options include knowledge of tumor extent, anatomy and obtaining tissue diagnosis. Endoscopically, there are three modalities available to make the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. These include endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration and cholangioscopy. Management of cholangiocarcinoma endoscopically is typically confined to stent placement for palliative purposes or as a bridge to surgery. In this article, we will review the endoscopic techniques available for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma.

Effect of music on patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy

AIM: To evaluate the effect of relaxing music during colonoscopy under low-dose conscious sedation, on patient satisfaction, scope insertion time and procedure duration, medication doses, and the perceived adequacy of sedation and scope insertion difficulty on the part of the endoscopist. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-seven consecutive adult outpatients presenting for routine colonoscopy under low-dose conscious sedation were randomized to undergo their procedures either with music played during the procedure or no music played. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of meperidine dose, midazolam dose, time to reach the cecum, total procedure time, endoscopist assessment of scope insertion difficulty, endoscopist assessment of adequacy of sedation, or the pain experience of the patients during their procedure. The music group did report significantly better overall procedure satisfaction as compared to the non music group on two of our three different scales. CONCLUSION: While music does not result in shortened procedure times, lower doses of sedative medications or perceived patient pain, the patients who have music playing during their procedures report modestly greater satisfaction with their procedures.

The future of wireless capsule endoscopy

We outline probable and possible developments with wireless capsule endoscopy. It seems likely that capsule endoscopy will become increasingly effective in diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy. This will be attractive to patients especially for cancer or varices detection because capsule endoscopy is painless and is likely to have a higher take up rate compared to conventional colonoscopy and gastroscopy. Double imager capsules with increased frame rates have been used to image the esophagus for Barrett's and esophageal varices. The image quality is not bad but needs to be improved if it is to become a realistic substitute for flexible upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. An increase in the frame rate, angle of view, depth of field, image numbers, duration of the procedure and improvements in illumination seem likely. Colonic, esophageal and gastric capsules will improve in quality, eroding the supremacy of flexible endoscopy, and become embedded into screening programs. Therapeutic capsules will emerge with brushing, cytology, fluid aspiration, biopsy and drug delivery capabilities. Electrocautery may also become possible. Diagnostic capsules will integrate physiological measurements with imaging and optical biopsy, and immunologic cancer recognition. Remote control movement will improve with the use of magnets and/or electrostimulation and perhaps electromechanical methods. External wireless commands will influence capsule diagnosis and therapy and will increasingly entail the use of real-time imaging. However, it should be noted that speculations about the future of technology in any detail are almost always wrong.

Evolving role of the endoscopist in management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors(NETs) are uncommon gastrointestinal neoplasms but have been increasingly recognized over the past few decades. Luminal NETs originate from the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and careful endoscopic exam is a key for accurate diagnosis. Despite their reputation as indolent tumors with a good prognosis,some NETs may have aggressive features with associated poor long-term survival. Management of NETs requires full understanding of tumor size,depth of invasion,local lymphadenopathy status,and location within the gastrointestinal tract. Staging with endoscopic ultrasound or cross-sectional imaging is important for determining whether endoscopic treatment is feasible. In general,small superficial NETs can be managed by endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD). In contrast,NETs larger than 2 cm are almost universally treated with surgical resection with lymphadenectomy. For those tumors between 11-20 mm in size,careful evaluation can identify which NETs may be managed with endoscopic resection. The increasing adoption of ESD may improve the results of endoscopic resection for luminal NETs. However,enthusiasm for endoscopic resection must be tempered with respect for the more definitive curative results afforded by surgical treatment with more advanced lesions.

Capsule endoscopy in neoplastic diseases

Until recently, diagnosis and management of small-bowel tumors were delayed by the diffi culty of access to the small bowel and the poor diagnostic capabilities of the available diagnostic techniques. An array of new methods has recently been developed, increasing the possibility of detecting these tumors at an earlier stage. Capsule endoscopy (CE) appears to be an ideal tool to recognize the presence of neoplastic lesions along this organ, since it is non-invasive and enables the entire small bowel to be visualized. High- quality images of the small-bowel mucosa may be captured and small and ? at lesions recognized, without exposure to radiation. Recent studies on a large population of patients undergoing CE have reported small-bowel tumor frequency only slightly above that reported in previous surgical series (range, 1.6%-2.4%) and have also confirmed that the main clinical indication to CE in patients with small-bowel tumors is obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The majority of tumors identified by CE are malignant; many were unsuspected and not found by other methods. However, it remains difficult to identify pathology and tumor type based on the lesion’s endoscopic appearance. Despite its limitations, CE provides crucial information leading in most cases to changes in subsequent patient management. Whether the use of CE in combination with other new diagnostic (MRI or multidetector CT enterography) and therapeutic (Push- and-pull enteroscopy) techniques will lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of these neoplasms, ultimately resulting in a survival advantage and in cost savings,remains to be determined through carefully-designed studies.

Diagnosis of mild chronic pancreatitis (Cambridge classification):Comparative study using secretin injection-magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography

AIM： To investigate the usefulness of secretin injection- MRCP for the diagnosis of mild chronic pancreatitis.METHODS： Sixteen patients having mild chronic pancreatitis according to the Cambridge classification and 12 control subjects with no abnormal findings on the pancreatogram were examined for the diagnostic accuracy of secretin injection-MRCP regarding abnormal branch pancreatic ducts associated with mild chronic pancreatitis （Cambridge Classification）, using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） for comparison.RESULTS： The sensitivity and specificity for abnormal branch pancreatic ducts determined by two reviewers were respectively 55%-63% and 75%-83% in the head, 57%-64% and 82%-83% in the body, and 44%-44% and 72%-76% in the tail of the pancreas. The sensitivity and specificity for mild chronic pancreatitis were 56%-63% and 92%-92%, respectively. Interobserver agreement （K statistics） concerning the diagnosis of an abnormal branch pancreatic duct and of mild chronic pancreatitis was good to excellent.CONCLUSION： Secretin injection-MRCP might be useful for the diagnosis of mild chronic pancreatitis.

High-flow nasal oxygen availability for sedation decreases the use of general anesthesia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound

AIM To examine whether high-flow nasal oxygen(HFNO) availability influences the use of general anesthesia(GA) in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) and associated outcomes.METHODS In this retrospective study, patients were stratified into 3 eras between October 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 based on HFNO availability for deep sedation at the time of their endoscopy. During the first and last 3-mo eras(era 1 and 3), no HFNO was available, whereas it was an option during the second 3-mo era(era 2). The primary outcome was the percent utilization of GA vs deep sedation in each period. Secondary outcomes included oxygen saturation nadir during sedation between periods, as well as procedure duration, and anesthesia-only time between periods and for GA vs sedation cases respectively.RESULTS During the study period 238 ERCP or EUS cases were identified for analysis. Statistical testing was employed and a P < 0.050 was significant unless the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used. General anesthesia use was significantly lower in era 2 compared to era 1 with the same trend between era 2 and 3(P = 0.012 and 0.045 respectively). The oxygen saturation nadir during sedation was significantly higher in era 2 compared to era 3(P < 0.001) but not between eras 1 and 2(P = 0.028) or 1 and 3(P = 0.069). The procedure time within each era was significantly longer under GA compared to deep sedation(P ≤ 0.007) as was the anesthesia-only time(P ≤ 0.001).CONCLUSION High-flow nasal oxygen availability was associated with decreased GA utilization and improved oxygenation for ERCP and EUS during sedation.

Usefulness of bispectral monitoring of conscious sedation during endoscopic mucosal dissection

AIM: To assess the usefulness of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring in order to carry out endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) safely and with patients' satisfaction. METHODS: Three hundred sixty-six patients with an early-stage neoplasm of the digestive tract were enrolled. The BIS monitor (A-1050: Aspect medical systems/NIHON KOHDEN, Tokyo, Japan) was used. The appropriate sedative condition was set at 55 to 75 BIS levels (BIS value) during the endoscopic procedures. RESULTS: Among 366 cases, 13 were accompanied by adverse events during and/or after ESD. All episodes occurred in cases with BIS value between 56 and 65. Hypotension was observed in four cases, and bradycardia in six. Respiratory distress was observed in two cases with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. All patients with adverse events were able to leave the hospital without extension of the hospitalization. CONCLUSION: BIS monitoring is useful to safely perform ESD. A BIS value of 70 to 75 is suitable for ESD.

Role of videocapsule endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is defi ned as bleeding of an unknown origin that persists or recurs after negative initial upper and lower endoscopies. Several techniques, such as endoscopy, arteriography, scintigraphy and barium radiology are helpful for recognizing the bleeding source; nevertheless, in about 5%-10% of cases the bleeding lesion cannot be determined. The development of videocapsule endoscopy (VCE) has permitted a direct visualization of the small intestine mucosa. We will analyze those techniques in more detail. The diagnostic yield of CE for OGIB varies from 38% to 93%, being in the higher range in those cases with obscure-overt bleeding.

Endoscopic mucosal resection in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopic mucosal resection （EMR） is a technique used to locally excise lesions confined to the mucosa. Its main role is the treatment of advanced dysplasia and early gastrointestinal cancers. EMR was originally described as a therapy for early gastric cancer. Recently its use has expanded as a therapeutic option for ampullary masses, colorectal cancer, and large colorectal polyps. In the Western world, the predominant indication for EMR in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the staging and treatment of advance dysplasia and early neoplasia in Barrett＇s esophagus. This review will describe the basis, indications, techniques, and complications of EMR, and its role in the management of Barrett＇s esophagus.