iNOS抑制剂对海马缺血/再灌注损伤保护作用研究

目的：进一步证实诱导型一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）催化所形成的一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在脑缺血／再灌注损伤中具有毒性作用。方法：将Ｓ－Ｄ大鼠双侧颈总动脉短暂夹闭３分钟，然后分成应用药物组－氨基胍（ＡＧ）和非药物组．４８小时后取海马脑片，观察顺向群峰电位（ｏＰＳ）以及组织学改变。结果；给药组大部分可见ｏＰＳ发放．而对照组只见有突触前排放（ｐｖ）无ｏＰＳ（Ｐ＜０．０５），两组超微结构也有明显差异。结论：本实验证明大鼠海马短暂缺血／再灌注后ｉＮＯＳ抑制剂可减轻神经元损害，即可抑制血由ｉＮＯＳ诱生表达所形成的ＮＯ在脑缺血／再灌注损伤中的毒性作用。

赛庚啶对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

本研究采用可逆性大鼠大脑中动物栓塞法观察赛庚啶（Cyproheptadine,Cyp）对大鼠局灶性脑缺血乔灌注后神经功能障碍、脑组织病理改变、脑水肿以及脑组织钙含量的影响。结果表明，于大脑中动物阻断前2分钟静脉注射赛庚嚷2mg，3mg．kg-1可显著减轻神经功能障碍；减轻脑水肿及脑组织病理损害，实验提示赛庚啶可能通过降低缺血再灌注引越的脑Ca2+聚集而减轻脑损伤。

肝脏缺血再灌注损伤发生机制中信号转导的研究进展

肝脏缺血再灌注损伤（HIRI）见于肝叶切除、肝移植、低血容量性休克、严重肝外伤、肝静脉血栓形成等。HIRI早期（再灌注后2-h内）主要由代谢障碍和氧化应激引起，中期（2-6h）主要与库普弗细胞激活及炎症介质作用有关，晚期（再灌注后6～8h）主要是中性粒细胞浸润引起的炎症反应；在HIRI中信号转导作用非常重要，细胞信号转导研究的中心问题是细胞感受、转导环境刺激及调节代谢生理反应和基因表达的分子途径。本文综述近年来有关肝脏缺血再灌注损伤发生机制中信号转导的研究进展。

舒芬太尼后处理对缺血再灌注大鼠肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的影响

目的评价舒芬太尼后处理对缺血再灌注大鼠肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的影响,从而探讨其保护作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠72只随机分为6组:假手术组(Sham组),缺血再灌注组(I/R组),缺血后处理组(Post组),舒芬太尼后处理组(LS组,MS组,HS组)。于缺血前即刻(T0,基础值)、缺血30 min(T1)、再灌注30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)、90 min(T4)和120 min(T5)时记录心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP);再灌注120 min末,随机取6只按照ELISA法测定心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)并计算心肌梗死面积(IS/AAR),另外6只进行光镜及电镜细胞形态学观察。结果 HR在各组各个时点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与Sham组比较,I/R组在T3、T4和T5时MAP均降低(P<0.05),而LS组在T3和T4时均降低(P<0.05);与I/R组相比,Post组、MS组和HS组血清中的cTnI、心肌梗死面积及心肌细胞损伤程度显著降低(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼后处理能够减轻在体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤血清中cTnI,从而产生保护作用。

脱氧肾上腺素和血管紧张素Ⅱ对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注心律失常的影响

目的 :探讨脱氧肾上腺素 (PH)和血管紧张素 (AT)对离体大鼠心肌缺血后再灌注心律失常的影响及机制。方法 :用双冠脉分别灌流模型 ,经 15 m in正常灌注后 ,将左冠脉血流量减少到原灌流量的 5 % ,灌流 12 m in,此间将不同药物注入左冠。观察再灌注后 5 min室性心动过速 (VT)及室颤 (VF)的发生情况。结果 :PH可明显加重再灌注心律失常 ,而单纯应用 AT却无明显作用。用选择性 Na+ / H+ 交换 (NHE)阻滞剂 HOE 6 42可完全阻断PH的作用 ,而用蛋白激酶 C(PKC)阻滞剂 GF10 92 0 3X(GF)只能部分阻断 PH的作用 ,单纯应用 AT2 受体阻滞剂PD12 3319(PD)可增加再灌注心律失常的发生率 ,但与对照组比较未见统计学差异 ,而 PD与 AT合用可使再灌注心律失常发生率明显增加。结论 :α1 肾上腺素受体兴奋可加重缺血后再灌注心律失常 ,其机制可能与 NHE活性增加有关 ,PKC的中介不是 NHE激活的唯一途径。血管紧张素 可通过兴奋 AT1 受体加重再灌注心律失常。

再灌注性心肌死亡

由于缺乏得力的观察手段,长期未能获得致命性再灌注损伤的直接证据。众多药理学干预实验结果充满分歧,新近运用辣根过氧化物酶示踪技术,初步肯定了致命性再灌注损伤的存在。致损因素的持续存在,有力地支持再灌注损伤的持久性。

Protective Effects of Tea Polyphenol on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats and Its Scavenging Oxy-radical and Anticerebral Lipid Peroxidation Effects

AIM To study the protective effects of tea polyphenol (TP) on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and its scavenging oxygen free radical(OFR) activities and antilipid peroxidation in vitro . METHODS Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury was produced by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries with vagus nerves and reperfusion for 45 min. The mitochondrial lipid peroxidation of rat brain induced by oxygen free radical was measured by thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometry. Superoxide anion (O 2) from xanthine xanthine oxidase system and hydroxyl radical (·OH) from Fe 2+ -H 2O 2 system were determined with spectrophotometry. RESULTS During Cerebral ischemia reperfusion,TP improved the activities of superoxide dismutase ( P 【0 05), GSH peroxidase( P 【0 01) and catalase( P 【0 01), while decreasing the maiondialdchyde content in the brain( P 【0 05) and brain water content ( P 【0 01). Tea polyphenol possessed significantly scavenging effects on ·OH produced by Fenton reaction and O 2 produced by xanthine xanthine oxidase system (the IC 50 were 2 2 mmol·L -1 and 1 9 mmol·L -1 respectively). Tea polyphenol could significant inhibit the lipid peroxidation of cerbral mitochondrial membrane induced by ·OH in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION The results indicate that tea polyphenol could protect the injury on cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats for OFR, these effects may be related to its scavenging effects on oxygen free radicals and antilipid peroxidant.

肝脏切除术前单剂应用糖皮质激素临床疗效的Meta分析

目的采用分析评价肝脏切除术前单剂应用糖皮质激素的临床价值。方法电子检索、Medline、Embase、Cochrane library、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、维普数据库、万方数据库。收集比较肝脏切除术前单剂应用糖皮质激素与未予糖皮质激素治疗的前瞻性随机对照试验(RCTs)。由2名评价者筛选和提取资料,并用改良Jadad量表评价文章质量。对符合标准的研究采用RevMan5.1软件进行数据分析。结果共纳入5篇随机对照研究,222例患者,文献质量评价均为高质量。荟萃分析结果表明:术前单剂应用糖皮质激素组术后IL-6峰值[MD=-53.70,95%CI(-74.11～-33.29),P<0.01]、总胆红素(TBIL)峰值[MD=-13.77,95%CI(-23.77～-3.78),P<0.01]较对照组显著降低,术后并发症发生例数[OR=0.30,95%CI(0.16～0.57),P<0.01]及平均住院天数[MD=-2.91,95%CI(-4.55～-1.28),P<0.01]较对照组显著减少。2组术后丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)峰值无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论肝脏切除术前单剂应用糖皮质激素能减少术后炎症细胞因子释放及改善患者预后,但对肝脏功能和缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用尚需更进一步研究证实。

一种新的钠-钙交换电流记录方法及阿米洛利的作用

目的：研究胞外不同Ｃａ２＋浓度对豚鼠心室肌细胞钠钙交换电流（Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｃｕｒｅｎｔ，ＩＮａＣａ）的影响和阿米洛利（ａｍｉｌｏｒｉｄｅ）对该电流的作用。方法：建立缺血再灌时胞内Ｎａ＋超载的细胞模型，用膜片钳全细胞技术，记录ＩＮａＣａ的电流电压关系曲线。结果：阿米洛利１０－５，３×１０－５和１０－４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，在＋５０ｍＶ时，对ＩＮａＣａ的抑制率分别是１５４％，２２６％和４０９％；在－８０ｍＶ时抑制率分别是５６％，１４６％和２３２％。结论：胞内Ｎａ＋超载确可引起Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换系统激活；阿米洛利对豚鼠心室肌细胞ＩＮａＣａ有抑制作用，且对ＩＮａＣａ外向成分的抑制作用大于对内向成分的抑制作用。

EFFECTS OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON EXPRESSION OF INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 IN THE RAT OF LOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION

Objective To investigate effects of electroacupuncture （EA） on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） in the rat of local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Methods Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a sham operation group, a model group and an EA treatment group, 20 rats in each group. The thread-obstruction method was used for preparation of ischemia-reperfusion model. Zea-Longa rating criteria were used for evaluation of nervous function disorder; Immunohistochemical SABC method was used for detection of ICAM-1 expression in the microvascular endothelial cell of the ischemic brain region, and ELISA method for the soluble ICAM-1 （slCAM-1） content in peripheral blood. Re. suits After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, both ICAM-1 expression level in the microvascular endethelium cell of the ischemic brain region and slCAM-1 content in the peripheral blood significantly increased in the model group as compared with the normal group and the sham operation group （P〈0.01）; After EA treatment, the ICAM-1 expression level in the microvascular endothelial cell of the ischemic brain region and slCAM-1 content in the peripheral blood were significantly down-regulated in the EA treatment group as com- pared with the model group （P〈 0.05）. Conclusion After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the microvascular endothelial cell of the ischemic brain region releases ICAM-1, which induces inflammatory injury of cerebral tissues; EA treatment can decease the expression of ICAM-1, so as to prevent the brain from the injury.

Protective Effects of Zingiberis and Acniti Praeparatae Decoction on Myocardial IschemiaReperfusion Injury in Rats

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of zin-giberis and acniti praeparatae decoction on oxidative stress injury induced by my-ocardial ischemia reperfusion in rats. [Method] Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion was performed by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, fol-lowed by reperfusion for 60 min. The effects of zingiberis and acniti praeparatae decoction on ECG ST segment, myocardial infarction percentage, malondialdehyde （MDA） content in the serum, superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and other indica-tors were observed. [Result] Zingiberis and acniti praeparatae decoction could effec-tively inhibit ECG ST segment elevation caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries, reduce the percentage of myocardial infarction, decline the content of MDA in the serum, and increase the activity of SOD. [Conclusion] Zingiberis and acniti praeparatae decoction exhibits protective effects on oxidative injuries caused by my-ocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats, which may be involved in reducing the formation of myocardial free radicals and enhancing antioxidant capacity of my-ocardium.

Effect of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury on protein levels of leptin and orexin-A in peripheral blood and central secretory tissues

AIM: To explore the effect of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury on protein levels of leptin and orexin-A in peripheral blood and their central secretory tissues and to find out the role leptin and orexin-A play in acute inflammatory responses.METHODS: An intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)injury model of rats was established and rats were divided randomly into six groups: sham-operation group, 60 min ischemia/30 min reperfusion group (I60'R30'), I60'R90',I60'R150', I60'R240' and I60'R360', 9 rats each group.Two highly-sensitive radioimmunoassays for leptin and orexin-A were established and used to check the change of their concentrations in peripheral blood and central secretory tissues before and after intestinal I/R injury.RESULTS: Compared with the serum leptin level before injury, it decreased significantly in I60'R30' group and increased significantly in I60'R360' group; compared to sham-operation group after injury, serum leptin level increased significantly in I60'R360' group; compared to sham-operation group after injury, adipose leptin levels decreased significantly in I60'R30' and I60'R90' groups,while increased significantly in I60'R360' group. There was no significant difference between the expression levels of orexin-A before and after I/R injury.CONCLUSION: Leptin has a time-dependent response and orexin-A has a delayed response to acute inflammatory stimuli such as intestinal I/R injury and they may participate in metabolic disorders in injury as inflammatory cytokines.

Protective effect of curcumin against liver warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model is associated with regulation of heat shock protein and antioxidant enzymes

AIM： To investigate the hypothesis that the protective effects of curcumin in hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury are associated with increasing heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） expression and antioxidant enzyme activity. METHODS： Sixty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into sham, I/R, C ＋ I/R groups. The model of reduced-size liver warm ischemia and reperfusion was used. Curcumin （50 mg/kg） was administered by injection through a branch of superior mesenteric vein at 30 min before ischemia in C ＋ I/R group. Five rats were used to investigate the survival during 1 wk after operation in each group. Blood samples and liver tissues were obtained in the remaining animals after 3, 12, and 24 h of reperfusion to assess serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, liver tissue NO2- ＋ NO3-, malondialdehyde （MDA） content, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, nitricoxide synthase （NOS） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） activity, HspT0 expression and apoptosis ratio. RESULTS： Compared with I/R group, curcumin pretreatment group showed less ischemia/reperfusioninduced injury. CAT and SOD activity and Hsp70 expression increased significantly. A higher rate of apoptosis was observed in I/R group than in C ＋ I/R group, and a significant increase of MDA, NO2^- ＋ NO3^- and MPO level in liver tissues and serum transaminase concentration was also observed in I/R group compared to C ＋ I/R group. Curcumin also decreased the activity of inducible NO synthase （iNOS） in liver after reperfusion,but had no effect on the level of endothelial NO synthase （eNOS） after reperfusion in liver. The 7 d survival rate was significantly higher in C ＋ I/R group than in I/R group. CONCLUSION： Curcumin has protective effects against hepatic I/R injury. Its mechanism might be related to the overexpression of Hsp70 and antioxidant enzymes.

Effect of nuclear factor kappa B on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and neutrophil infiltration in lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

AIM： To investigate the role of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion （I/R）, and its effect on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） expression and neutrophil infiltration. METHODS： Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided randomly into control, I/R and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate （PDTC） treatment groups, n = 8 in each. I/R group and PDTC treatment group received superior mysenteric artery （SMA） occluding for 1 h and reperfusion for 2 h. PDTC group was administrated with intraperitoneal injection of 2% 100 mg/kg PDTC 1 h before surgery. Lung histology and bronchia alveolus lung fluid （BALF） protein were assayed. Serum IL-6, lung malondialdehyde （MDA） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） as well as the expression level of NF-κB and ICAM-1 were measured.RESULTS： Lung injury induced by intestinal I/R, was characterized by edema, hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration as well as by the significant rising of BALF protein. Compared to control group, the levels of serum IL-6 and lung MDA and MPO increased significantly in I/R group （P=0.001）. Strong positive expression of NF-κB p65 and ICAM-1 was observed. After the administration of PDTC, the level of serum IL-6, lung MDA and MPO as well as NF-κB and ICAM-1 decreased significantly （P〈 0.05） when compared to I/R group.CONCLUSION： The activation of NF-κB plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by intestinal I/R through upregulating the neutrophil infiltration and lung ICAM-1 expression. PDTC as an inhibitor of NF-κB can prevent lung injury induced by intestinal I/R through inhibiting the activity of NF-κB.

The role and modulation of autophagy in experimental models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

A physiological sequence called autophagy qualitatively determines cellular viability by removing protein aggregates and damaged cyto-plasmic constituents, and contributes significantly to the degree of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion （I/R） injury. This tightly orchestrated cata-bolic cellular‘housekeeping’ process provides cells with a new source of energy to adapt to stressful conditions. This process was first described as a pro-survival mechanism, but increasing evidence suggests that it can also lead to the demise of the cell. Autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiac conditions including myocardial I/R injury. However, a debate persists as to whether autophagy acts as a protec-tive mechanism or contributes to the injurious effects of I/R injury in the heart. This controversy may stem from several factors including the va-riability in the experimental models and species, and the methodology used to assess autophagy. This review provides updated knowledge on the modulation and role of autophagy in isolated cardiac cells subjected to I/R, and the growing interest towards manipulating autophagy to increase the survival of cardiac myocytes under conditions of stress-most notably being I/R injury. Perturbation of this evolutionarily conserved intracellular cleansing autophagy mechanism, by targeted modulation through, among others, mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） inhibitors, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） modulators, calcium lowering agents, resveratrol, longevinex, sirtuin activators, the proapoptotic gene Bnip3, IP3 and lysosome inhibitors, may confer resistance to heart cells against I/R induced cell death. Thus, therapeutic ma-nipulation of autophagy in the challenged myocardium may benefit post-infarction cardiac healing and remodeling.

Apoptosis induction with polo-like kinase-1 antisense phosph-orothioate oligodeoxynucleotide of colon cancer cell line SW480

AIM： To investigate the effects of polo-like kinase-1 （PLK1） antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide （ASODN） on apoptosis and cell cycle of human colon cancer cell line SW480. METHODS： After SW480 colon cancer cells were transfected with PLK1 ASODN, Northern and Western blot analyses were used to examine PLK1 gene expression in cancer cells. We studied apoptosis using terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl nick end labeling. Apoptosis and cell cycle of SW480 cells were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter scan. RESULTS： The levels of PLK1 mRNA and protein were greatly inhibited by PLK1 ASODN in SW480 cancer cells transfected with PLK1 ASODN. Apoptosis index （AI） induced PLK1 ASODN in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Results from FLM showed that sub-2N DNA content of transfected cancer cells was significantly increased and arrested at G2/M compared with control groups. CONCLUSION： PLK1 ASODN can induce apoptosis of human colon cancer cell line SW480.

Effects of Ca^(2+) channel blockers on store-operated Ca^(2+) channel currents of Kupffer cells after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

AIM： To study the effects of hepatic ischemia/ reperfusion （I/R） injury on store-operated calcium channel （SOC） currents （Isoc） in freshly isolated rat Kupffer cells, and the effects of Ca^2＋ channel blockers, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate （2-APB）, SK＆F96365, econazole and miconazole, on Isoc in isolated rat Kupffer cells after hepatic I/R injury.METHODS： The model of rat hepatic I/R injury was established. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were performed to investigate the effects of 2-APB, SK＆F96365, econazole and miconazole on Isoc in isolated rat Kupffer cells after hepatic I/R injury.RESULTS： I/R injury significantly increased Isoc from -80.4±25.2pA to -159.5±34.5pA （^bp 〈 0.01, n = 30）. 2-APB （20, 40, 60, 80, 100 pmol/L）, SK＆F96365 （5, 10, 20, 40, 50 pmol/L）, econazole （0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 μmol/L） and miconazole （0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 μmol/L） inhibited Isoc in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 of 37.41 μmol/L （n = 8）, 5.89 μmol/L （n = 11）, 0.21 μmol/L （n = 13）, and 0.28 μmol/L （n = 10）. The peak value of Isoc in the I-V relationship was decreased by the blockers in different concentrations, but the reverse potential of Isoc was not transformed. CONCLUSION： SOC is the main channel for the influx of Ca^2＋ during hepatic I/R injuries. Calcium channel blockers, 2-APB, SK＆F96365, econazole and miconazole,have obviously protective effects on I/R injury, probably by inhibiting Isoc in Kupffer cells and preventing the activation of Kupffer cells.

EFFECTS OF TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON MOTOR CORTICAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROFUNCTION AFTER CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY IN RATS

Objective To clarify the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on rat motor cortical excitabi- lity and neurofunction after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods After determined awake resting motor threshold (MT) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of right hindlimbs, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion injury, then rTMS were applied to rTMS group (n = 10) at different time, while control group (n = 10) received no stimulation. A week later, MT and MEPs were evaluated again, as well as neurological deficits and infarct volume. The effects of rTMS and MCAO reperfusion injury on these parameters were analyzed. Results After MCAO reperfusion, both MT level and neurological deficit scores increased, distinct focal infarction formed, and latency of MEP elongated. Compared with the control group, the increased extent of MT and neurological scores of rats receiving rTMS were significantly lower (P < 0.05), as well as the infarct volumes reduced significantly(P < 0.05). But MEP was not affected by rTMS obviously. There was a positive linear correlation between postinjury MT and infarct volume (r = 0.64, P < 0.05). Conclusion rTMS may facilitate neurofunction recovery after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Postinjury MT could provide prognostic information after MCAO reperfusion injury.

Effect of shenfu injection on gastrointestinal microcirculation in rabbits after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM： To investigate the effect of shenfu injection on gastrointestinal microcirculation after myocardial ischemic-reperfusion （IR） injury in rabbits and probe into the mechanism. METHODS： Forty healthy flap-eared white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups： IR injury control group （group Ⅰ ）, shenfu injection 5 mL/kg per h group （group Ⅱ）, shenfu injection 10 mL/kg per h group （group Ⅲ） and shenfu injection 20 mL/kg per h group （group Ⅳ）. The four groups were treated with Lactated Ringer＇s solution, shenfu injection 5, 10, and 20 mL/ kg per h were infused intravenously 30 min before experiment respectively. The values of hemodynamics [mean arterial pressure （MAP）, heart rate （HR）, gastric intramucosal partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PCO2）, blood gas analysis and pH] were measured and compared with those before myocardial ischemia, 60 min after myocardial ischemia and 60, 90, and 180 rain after reperfusion. RESULTS： The MAP, HR and gastric intramucosal pH were （70.50 ± 4.50） kPa, （165 ± 14） beats per rain, 7.032 ± 0.024 in group Ⅰ 60 min after myocardial ischemia, which were significantly decreased compared with those before myocardial ischemia （88.50 ± 9.75 kPa, 217 ± 18 beats per rain, 7.112 ± 0.035, P 〈 0.05）. The MAP, HR and gastric intramucosal pH were significantly decreased in group Ⅰ 60, 90, and 180 min after reperfusion （61.50 ± 5.25 kPa, 133 ± 31 beats per rain, 6.997 ± 0.025） compared with those before reperfusion respectively （P 〈 0.05）, whereas the values were insignificantly different in groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ or Ⅳ after reperfusion, compared with those before reperfusion, and there were no significant differences between groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ after reperfusion. CONCLUSION： Pre-infusion of shenfu injection has a protective effect on gastrointestinal microcirculation after myocardial IR injury in rabbits, in a dose independent manner.

Mediated protective effect of electroacupuncture pretreatment by miR-214 on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background Electroacupuncture pretreatment plays a protective role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury and microRNAs （miRNAs） could act on various facets of cardiac function. However, the role of miRNAs in the cardioprotection by electroacupuncture pre-treatment on myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. The purpose of the study was to examine whether miR-214 was involved in cardio-protection by electroacupuncture. Methods Using rat myocardial I/R model, we examined the role of electroacupuncture pretreatment in myocardial I/R injury and analyzed the changes in the expression of miR-214. In addition, I/R was simulated in vitro by performing oxy-gen-glucose deprivation （OGD） on H9c2 cell cultures, and the effect of electroacupuncture pretreatment on I/R injury as well as expressional level of miR-214 were examined in vitro. Furthermore, the miR-214 mimic was transfected into OGD-treated H9c2 cells, we analyzed the cell apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and creatine kinase （CK） activities, intracellular free Ca2＋concentration （[Ca2＋]i） as well as the relative protein levels of sodium/calcium exchanger 1（NCX1）, BCL2-like 11 （BIM）, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ（CaMKIIδ） and Cyclophilin D （CypD）. Results The in vivo results revealed that compared with the I/R group, the electroacupuncture pretreatment group showed significant decreased myocardial infarct size, as well as the increased indices of the cardiac function, including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure and maximal rate for left ventricular pressure rising and declining （±dp/dt max）. In addition, electroacupuncture pretreatment could inhibit the elevation of LDH and CK activities induced by I/R injury. The quantitative PCR （qPCR） results demonstrated electroacupuncture pretreatment could provide cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury in rats with miR-214 up-regulation. In the meanwhile, in vitro, electroacupuncture pretreatment protected H9c2 cells from OGD-induced injury. Trans-fection of miR-214 mimic showed protective effects on OGD-induced injury to H9c2 cells by reducing apoptosis, decreasing LDH and CK activities, rescuing the OGD-induced Ca2＋and down-regulating elevated protein levels of NCX1, BIM, CaMKIIδand CypD. Conclusions Our findings firstly demonstrated that electroacupuncture pretreatment promotes the expression of miR-214 in myocardial I/R injury and miR-214 contributes to the protective effect of electroacupuncture on myocardial I/R injury.