Remanufacturing production planning considering quality cost and demand substitution

Aiming to minimize the total production costs in a single planning period, a nonlinear integer programming model for remanufacturing production plans is established considering the influence of different qualities of returns acting on production cost. Three different remanufacturing and discarding strategies are adopted to analyze the change rules of the total production costs. The results returns is greater than indicate that when the number of remanufacturing returns of high the demand, preferentially quality and discarding those of low quality can bring better economic benefits due to manufacturing cost reduction. However, when the number of returns is smaller than the demand, there is no need to consider grading of returns, whereas new demand of remanufacturing. parts are required to satisfy the

Rapid vision-based system for secondary copper content estimation

A vision-based color analysis system was developed for rapid estimation of copper content in the secondary copper smelting process. Firstly, cross section images of secondary copper samples were captured by the designed vision system. After the preprocessing and segmenting procedures, the images were selected according to their grayscale standard deviations of pixels and percentages of edge pixels in the luminance component. The selected images were then used to extract the information of the improved color vector angles, from which the copper content estimation model was developed based on the least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) method. For comparison, three additional LSSVR models, namely, only with sample selection, only with improved color vector angle, without sample selection or improved color vector angle, were developed. In addition, two exponential models, namely, with sample selection, without sample selection, were developed. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is more effective for improving the copper content estimation accuracy, particularly when the sample size is small.

旧沥青路面材料在公路养护工程中的应用

一个国家的道路交流根本就是交通,在最近几年里公路建造的速度发展极为快,这也成为了公路发展的基础。公路工程的快速发展是不能离开沥青材料的运用的,但是沥青里面材料的使用寿命也是有着它的不足之处的,所以在对公路进行养护的过程中就不可避免的对旧色沥青路材料要去进行改造。本文主要就从旧的沥青路面材料在公路工程中的使用去进行探究,其探究也显示沥青路面材料的再生技术就是当前公路工程养护中都非常先进的技术,这也为社会的发展带来了非常大的社会收益。

Research on Protoplast Preparation and Regeneration Conditions of Tremella aurantialba

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the protoplast preparation and re- generation conditions of Tremella aurantialba. [Method] Optimal combination of five factors affecting the protoplast preparation and regeneration of Tremella aurantialba was selected by using orthogonal experiment, including enzyme system, culture age, enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis duration and osmotic stabilizer. [Result] The results showed that there were three release modes of Tremella aurantialba proto- plasts： release from top in the early period of enzymolysis, release from the side and release in situ. The optimal protoplast preparation condition was selecting mycelium cultured in liquid medium for 3 d, for enzymolysis in mixed enzyme solu- tion containing 1% of cellulase ＋1% of snailase ＋1% of lywallzyme at 36 ℃; for 4 h, with 0.6 mol/L sucrose as osmotic stabilizer, and the obtained preparation rate had reached 1.76 ×10^7 protoplasts/ml. The optimal regeneration condition was using mycelium cultured in liquid medium for 5 d, for enzymolysis in enzyme solution con- taining 1.5% of lywallzyme at 33 ℃ for 3 h, with 0.6 mol/L sucrose as osmotic sta- bilizer, and the regeneration rate had reached 0.22%. [Conclusion] This study provid- ed valuable support for protoplast fusion, ultraviolet mutation breeding and genetic engineering research.

Transforming Strijp S： From Philips＇ Industrial Site to New Residential and Creative Area

In the contemporary city, the transformation of abandoned industrial landscapes offers great potential for experimentation and in creating new urban environments. Industrial heritage plays an essential role in this respect and it goes beyond its strong cultural and symbolic value. In fact, industrial-cultural heritage is able to re-enact people＇s capability to maintain the culture of the past while looking forward with appropriate and innovative design solutions. This paper focuses on the design of regeneration of the former Philips＇ electronic industrial area named Strijp S in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The master plan is pioneer in experimental rules on development areas due to the Crisis and Recovery Act （2010）, a new Dutch law in response to development and economical crisis. The authors identify four criteria of analysis in order to show the complexity of this urban transformation and assess the results of this work-in-progress transformation. Moreover, it will discuss the challenges for industrial architecture/heritage when incorporating different objectives of redevelopment and to which extent the local dynamics are linked to the design of reuse. As conclusion, the paper will debate on the comprehensive urban framework, which puts forward sustainable design criteria, sets out principles in temporary and long-term reuse of the old buildings, and on their implication in terms of urban quality of indoor and outdoor spaces.

Smart Grid Cyber Security： An Overview of Threats and Countermeasures

The smart grid is the next generation of power and distribution systems. The integration of advanced network, communications, and computing techniques allows for the enhancement of efficiency and reliability. The smart grid interconnects the flow of information via the power line, intelligent metering, renewable and distributed energy systems, and a monitoring and controlling infrastructure. For all the advantages that these components come with, they remain at risk to a spectrum of physical and digital attacks. This paper will focus on digital vulnerabilities within the smart grid and how they may be exploited to form full fledged attacks on the system. A number of countermeasures and solutions from the literature will also be reported, to give an overview of the options for dealing with such problems. This paper serves as a triggering point for future research into smart grid cyber security.

A large-range convergence iterative method for solving a nonlinear functional equation

The existence and representation of the exact solution are given for a nonlinear functional equation in the reproducing kernel space. For a numerical computation, we present a large-range convergence iterative method for solving the nonlinear functional equation. In the iterative method, the convergent condition is simple and the convergence is irrespective to the choice of the initial function. It is worthy to note that the presented method can be generalized to solve other nonlinear operator equations.

Optimizing Geothermal Energy Resource

Unlike other types of renewable energy resources, geothermal energy provides a stable source of energy as it can be exploited regardless of meteorological conditions. Using organic cycle, geothermal energy can be utilized for power generation. In such systems, the heat is exchanged between the surrounding rock mass and transport fluid. Consequently, the temperature of extracted geofluid from the well decreases with the time in accordance with the working parameters. Those parameters includeenergy extraction rate, temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the well, and the thermal conductivity of the ground. Current work, aims to develop a reliable computer model to specify the optimal working parameters so that the geofluid temperature will not reach a low value that is not acceptable for electricity generation, and the energy availability of geothermal resource is maximized. In the current study the ground thermal properties, the geothermal gradient and well dimensions are based on realistic data in Qatar and neighboring countries. The proposed model was developed for different heat extraction rate, different ground thermal properties, and for varied temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the well. Simulation shows that selecting the optimal working parameters can increase the availability of geothermal resource significantly.

Environmental Taxes and Agriculture in the European Union and the Netherlands

This paper analyzes the introduction of environmental taxes in the EU and Netherlands and their effects on agriculture, with a special focus on the background of the introduction of environmental tax systems, their design concepts and effects on agriculture, the effects of fertilizer taxes in promoting sustainable agriculture, policy packages between environmental tax and environmental agreements, effects on globalization and global competitiveness, and conversion to renewable energy based on biomass resources.

A stepwise optimal design of water network

In order to take full advantage of regeneration process to reduce fresh water consumption and avoid the accumulation of trace contaminants, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle should be distinctive. A stepwise optimal design for water network is developed to simplify solution procedures for the formulated MINLP problem. In this paper, a feasible water reuse network framework is generated. Some heuristic rules from water reuse network are used to guide the placement of regeneration process. Then the outlet stream of regeneration process is considered as new water source. Regeneration reuse network structure is obtained through an iterative optimal procedure by taking the insights from reuse water network structure. Furthermore, regeneration recycle is only utilized to eliminate fresh water usage for processes in which regeneration reuse is impossible. Compared with the results obtained by relevant researches for the same example, the present method not only provides an appropriate regeneration reuse water network with minimum fresh water and regenerated water flow rate but also suggests a water network involving regeneration recycle with minimum recycle water flow rate. The design can utilize reuse, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle step by step with minor water network structure change to achieve better flexibility. It can satisfy different demands for new plants and modernization of existing plants.

Analysis on the Design of Japan FIT after Fukushima Disaster Using GIS and TIMES Integrated Model

This study aims to illustrate the Japanese electricity supply system after the earthquake with consideration of Japanese uniqueness including its 10 separate grids with weak connections between them and the geographical gap between renewable potential and electricity consumptions using GIS data for a TIMES model. We take FIT （feed-in-tariff） as a policy measure to promote renewables. To consider policies to promote renewables, we need a modelling approach where the electricity system of the entire country is represented with extremely disaggregated information on existing stock and future potentials of renewables. By building up technology models based on detailed disaggregate information on existing stocks and future potentials of renewables at the sub-regional level, we can develop renewables-related policies which reflect more realistic conditions. According to the simulation results, high FIT prices do not guarantee more introductions of renewables. High FIT prices make the huge potential of renewables commercially viable, but at the same time, they limit the maximum introduction of renewables. In addition, a high FIT budget does not guarantee more renewable introduction.

Preliminary Design of ITER Test Blanket Module HC-SB Structure

The helium cooled solid breeder blanket that represents the main stream in relevant blanket concepts. It is considered as one of the main options for the fusion reactor. This concept have advantage as follows： （ 1 ） structure simpleness and stability, （ 2 ） no effect of MHD, （ 3 ） a good compatibility in different materials.

Statistical Evaluation of Worldwide Sustainable Energy Production （2000-2010）

In this study, a detailed evaluation was performed about the advancements in the renewable energy capacity （especially wind and solar energy） depending on progressive technological developments. Total energy consumption as well as renewable energy production from natural sources is statistically evaluated in the basis of leading countries for the period of 2000-2010. The variation of energy mix, future trend of wind energy installations, cumulative capacities in daily wind and solar energy per person are worldwide investigated in this period.

A Theoretical Dynamic Analysis of a Regenerative Heat Exchanger Assembly in a Fluctuating Flow Regime

A fluctuating flow was used to investigate the thermo-fluid characteristic of a regenerative heat exchanger assembly designed, modelled, built and constructed for the used in Stifling engines applications. Vibration of the regenerative heat exchanger assembly was a problem to deal with during the experimental investigation. Hence, a dynamic analysis of the regenerative heat exchanger assembly was undertaken. The main sources of excitation in vibrations of the regenerative heat exchanger assembly were investigated and calculated based initially on the empirical correlations provided in the literature. Thereafter, a mathematical model of the regenerative heat exchanger assembly was developed based on the energy equations for each moving part of the assembly. The kinetic and potential energy equations were formulated for each moving part of the regenerative heat exchanger assembly. From the kinetic and potential equations, the Lag, range operator was defined, and then the Lagrange formulations were used to derive the differential equations representing the dynamic behavior of each moving part of the assembly. The differential equations were integrated to determine the system natural frequencies. These were then compared to the frequency on excitation in vibrations in order to predict the regenerative heat exchanger working conditions despite the existence of vibration in the system.

Net-Zero Energy Building Enhancement for a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Platinum Educational Facility

In the United States, university buildings use 17% of total non-residential building energy per year. According to the NREL （National Renewable Energy Laboratory）, the average lifecycle of a building in a university is 42 years with an EUI （energy use intensity） of 23 kWh/m^2/y. Current building and energy codes limit the EUI to 16 kWh/m^2/y for new school buildings; this benchmark can vary depending on climate, occupancy, and other contextual factors. Although the LEED （leadership in energy and environmental design） system provides a set of guidelines to rate sustainable buildings, studies have shown that 28%-35% of the educational LEED-rated buildings use more energy than their conventional counterparts. This paper examines the issues specific to a LEED-rated design addition to an existing university building. The forum, a lecture hall expansion of to an existing building at the University of Kansas, has been proposed as environmentally friendly and energy-efficient building addition. Comfort and health aspects have been considered in the design in order to obtain LEED platinum certificate. The forum＇s energy performance strategies include a double-skin facade to reduce energy consumption and PV （photovoltaic） panels to generate onsite energy. This study considers various scenarios to meet NZEB （net-zero energy building） criteria and maximize energy savings. The feasibility of NZE criteria is evaluated for： （a） seasonal comparison; （b） facility occupancy; （c） PV panels＇ addition in relation to double skin facade. The results of NZEB approach are compared to LEED platinum requirements, based on Rol （return on investment） and PV panel＇s efficiency for this specific educational building.

Zero-Energy-Buildings in Different Climates： Design Strategies, Simulation and Prognosis METHOD for Energy Demand

The European Directive 2010/31 claims that by 2020 only （nearly-） ZEB （zero-energy-buildings） may be built. To reach this goal, it is pertinent for buildings to be energetically optimized first. The remaining energy demand must then be covered by on-site renewable energies （PV, geothermal, etc.）. With the area of use （energy demand） and the size of the building envelope/estate （renewable energy supply） in competition with each other, the maximum number of building stories will be most likely limited. For 15 different climatic locations worldwide, the energy demand of optimised office rooms has been simulated and compared with the possible renewable energy production on site. For every location, a good correlation has been found between the simulated energy demand and data like heating and cooling degree hours. Correspondent linear equations are given here. As another result, the maximum numbers of possible stories for ZEBS have been derived, being between 3 and 10 depending on the location.

Projected Long-Term Behavior of the CO2 Emission Factor in the Electricity System of Uruguay

Estimating CO2 emission factor of the electricity system is a key aspect in the calculation of the baseline emissions for projects certified as CDM （Clean Development Mechanism）, which replace energy from the grid. Currently, Uruguay is driving the expansion of the electricity system based on domestic renewable energies, in addition to replacing oil-based fuels for others with lower emission factors. This implies a substantial change of the generation park in the next decade and of the associated CO2 emissions. In this paper, a calculation methodology of the baseline emissions is adapted for its incorporation in the software SimSEE （Electric Energy Systems Simulator）, which is used for modeling the Uruguayan electric system, and therefore, allows modeling the current energy generator park and the future one. Using this tool, the CO2 emission factor＇s evolution is evaluated in the 2012-2020 period. The 2020 scenario is based on an optimal expansion of the electric system. The results indicate a strong reduction of the emission factor between 2012 and 2020, going from average values （for 100 simulations） around 0.60 tCO2/MWh to 0.15 tCO2/MWh. In this possible future scenario, CDM certification will probably not act as a strong incentive in Uruguay for the development of projects based on non-traditional renewable energies.

Effect of nanoheat stimulation mediated by magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Hyperthermia has been considered as a promising healing treatment in bone regeneration. We designed a tissue engineering hydrogel based on magnetic nanoparticles to explore the characteristics of hyperthermia for osteogenic regeneration. This nanocomposite hydrogel was successfully fabricated by incorporating magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles into chitosan/polyethylene glycol(PEG) hydrogel, which showed excellent biocompatibility and were able to easily achieve increasing temperatures under an alternative magnetic field(AMF). With uniformly dispersed nanoparticles, the composite hydrogel resulted in high viability of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs), and the elevated temperature contributed to the highest osteogenic differentiation ability compared with direct heat treatment applied under equal temperatures. Therefore, the nanoheat stimulation method using the magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel under an AMF may be considered as an alternative candidate in bone tissue engineering regenerative applications.

Development of Preliminary Design Program for Combustor of Regenerative Cooled Liquid Rocket Engine

An integrated program was established to design a combustor for a liquid rocket engine and to analyze regenerative cooling results on a preliminary design level.Properties of burnt gas from a kerosene-LOx mixture in the combustor and rocket performance were calculated from CEA which is the code for the calculation of chemical equilibrium.The heat transfer of regenerative cooling was analyzed by using SUPERTRAPP code for coolant properties and by one-dimensional correlations of the heat transfer coefficient from the combustor liner to the coolant.Profiles of the combustors of F-1 and RS-27A engines were designed from similar input data and the present results were compared to actual data for validation.Finally,the combustors of 30 tonf class,75 tonf class and 150 tonf class were designed from the required thrust,combustion chamber,exit pressure and mixture ratio of propellants.The wall temperature,heat flux and pressure drop were calculated for heat transfer analysis of regenerative cooling using the profiles.

System Design and Analysis of Hydrocarbon Scramjet with Regeneration Cooling and Expansion Cycle

A new expansion cycle scheme of the scramjet engine system including a hydrocarbon-fuel-based(kerosene)regenerative cooling system and supercritical/cracking kerosene-based turbo-pump was proposed in this paper.In this cycle scbeme,the supercritical/cracking kerosene with high pressure and high temperature is formed through the cooling channel.And then,in order to make better use of the high energy of the supercritical/cracking fuel,the supercritical/cracking kerosene fuel was used to drive the turbo-pump to obtain a high pressure of the cold kerosene fuel at the entrance of the cooling channel.In the end,the supercritical/cracking kerosene from the turbine exit is injected into the scramjet combustor.Such supercritical/cracking kerosene fuel can decrease the fuel-air mixing length and increase the combustion efficiency,due to the gas state and low molecular weight of the cracking fuel.In order to ignite the cold kerosene in the start-up stage,the ethylene-assisted ignition subsystem was applied.In the present paper,operating modes and characteristics of the expansion cycle system are first described.And then,the overall design of the system and the characterisitics of the start-up process are analyzed numerically to investigate effects of the system parameters on the scramjet start-up performance.The results show that the expansion cycle system proposed in this paper can work well under typical conditions.The research work in this paper can help to make a solid foundation for the research on the coupling characteristics between the dynamics and thermodynamics of the scramjet expansion cycle system.