AIM: To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane on energy balance in isolated hepatocytes during in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation, and to compare isoflurane with halothane. METHODS: Hepatocytes freshly isolated f...AIM: To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane on energy balance in isolated hepatocytes during in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation, and to compare isoflurane with halothane. METHODS: Hepatocytes freshly isolated from fed rats were suspended in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, and incubated in sealed flasks under O2/CO2 or N2/CO2 (95%/5%, V/V) for 30 or 60 min, followed by 5 or 10 min of reoxygenation, with an added volatile anesthetic or not. ATP, ADP, and adenosine monophosphate in hepatocytes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and energy charge was calculated. RESULTS: During 30 min of anoxia, the energy charge and total adenine nudeotide steadily increased with the isoflurane dose from 0 to 2 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC), then decreased from 2 to 3 MAC. In short incubations (30-35 min) at 1 MAC isoflurane, energy charge modestly decreased during anoxia, which was partially prevented by isoflurane and completely reversed by reoxygenation, and total adenine nudeotide did not decrease. In long incubations (60-70 min), both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide greatly decreased during anoxia, with partial and no reversal by reoxygenation, respectively. Isoflurane partly prevented decreases in both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide during anoxia and reoxygenation. In addition, 1 MAC isoflurane obviously increased ATP/ADP, which could not be changed by 1 MAC halothane. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane partially protects isolated hepatocytes against decreases in both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide during short (reversible) or long (irreversible) anoxia.展开更多
Objective:To explore the protective effect of remifentanil on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and their possible mechanism. Methods:The model of rat hepatic ischemia-reperfusio...Objective:To explore the protective effect of remifentanil on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and their possible mechanism. Methods:The model of rat hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury was used and the effect of remifentanil on the ultrastructure of mitochondria, calcium homeostasis, MDA level in mitochondria were observed. Results: In contrast with the control group, mitochondrial matrix calcium concentration, calcium concentration after calcium uptake, and the quantity of calcium uptake in low and high remifentanil concentration groups and 5-HD group are lower (P<0. 01), and there is no difference in RHD (5-HD+remifentanil) group. The difference in MDA level between groups is insignificant. Conclusion:Remifentanil at clinical concentrations exerts a protective effect on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, in which activating the KATP channel may be involved.展开更多
Grounded ship faces up exceptionally different stability forces unlike in her normal operating condition. This critical situation must be corrected as soon as can minimize hull stress, the risk of pollution and stabil...Grounded ship faces up exceptionally different stability forces unlike in her normal operating condition. This critical situation must be corrected as soon as can minimize hull stress, the risk of pollution and stability failure. Re-floating the ship need full understanding of the impact of ground reaction （R） on the ship buoyancy and stability. Re-floating the ship has different phases and there are several immediate actions that should be taken by ship＇s crew; one of these phases is re-calculation of ship stability conditions. In this paper, a guide to understanding the effect of the ground reaction （R）, determines the amount of ground pressure and its location. With consideration of the seabed form whether symmetric of asymmetric. Calculating the magnitude of the ground reaction （R） using different applicable methods, explaining the effect of using weight to re-float the ship by her own means, focusing on GM calculation after grounding.展开更多
Latvia is a new European Union country, with 20-year experience in the efforts to develop the energy policy that would favour reliable supply of the state with energy and promote its effective and rational utilization...Latvia is a new European Union country, with 20-year experience in the efforts to develop the energy policy that would favour reliable supply of the state with energy and promote its effective and rational utilization. The energy law should take into consideration the technological progress and increasing energy consumption as well as the poorly regulated sphere of production and utilization. At present, new regulations are needed, as the existent ones have become outdated and unable to ensure stable development of the energy sector. However, the lack of experience and sometimes external influence could lead to a situation when the new law would not be conducive to the industrial development but vice-versa-would slow it down. Since Latvia has been confronted by counterproductive laws, it is highly important to estimate beforehand the future impact of legislation on the state economy. On issue of for the country is now to guarantee-by force of law-the optimal share of renewable energy in the national energy mix. The objective set within the framework of European Union policy is to achieve a 40% share of renewable energy by 2020; therefore, it is necessary to work out a separate law concerning the RES （renewable energy sources）. The new RES law is to regulate support and to promote increase in the share of renewable. However, there are many influencing factors--not clearly specified outlooks for the energy sector and national economy development, the interests of energy importers, lobbying, etc.; these factors can make the RES law not only ineffective but even negatively affecting the RES share stability in the state energy balance. It is therefore essential, before the law has been adopted, to thoroughly analyze it so that the optimal variant is accepted.展开更多
The growing demand of organizations for alternative technologies to reduce environmental damage and meet new legislative issues brought greater focus to the activities of product recovery. One way to recover and reval...The growing demand of organizations for alternative technologies to reduce environmental damage and meet new legislative issues brought greater focus to the activities of product recovery. One way to recover and revalue a product is by remanufacturing, which is defined as the process of recovering a product to its original specifications, promoting the reuse of materials and improving its quality and functionality. However, the context of the remanufacturing industry faces difficulties and is considered unstable and inefficient if compared to manufacturing. In this sense, this paper aims to propose a cell layout based on lean concepts and adapted to the context of remanufacturing, aiming to minimize waste, reduce variability and thereby increase efficiency. The cell layout proposal was based on a literature review and researchers＇ practical experience in the area. This layout can provide the flexibility to handle the variations inherent in the context of remanufacturing, boosting product recovery and related environmental issues.展开更多
The government of Namibia has committed itself to promote the use of economically viable RE （renewable energy） technologies, as a complement to grid electrification, and to improve energy provision to rural areas. T...The government of Namibia has committed itself to promote the use of economically viable RE （renewable energy） technologies, as a complement to grid electrification, and to improve energy provision to rural areas. This paper presents the implementation of the Benguela Community-UNAM Wind-Power Demonstration Project, which is a community-run wind-power mini-generation pilot plant in Luderitz, Namibia. Luderitz is located in South-Western Namibia along the Namib Desert. The region experiences abundant south-westerly winds and the coastal weather conditions make it a suitable location for wind energy. This project is an initiative from the community of Luderitz and a first of its kind in Namibia. It demonstrates the application of small-scale wind energy systems in Namibia and contributes to the growing national awareness of RE and use of wind power in the country. Through its activities, the project has created a dialogue between the local authorities, business community, schools and the greater community. The balance of the paper discusses lessons learned; envisaged future development plans; highlights technical, administrative and management activities; as well as potential for replication and barriers encountered during the project implementation including institutional constraints. The solution-methods developed are presented and discussed.展开更多
Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil.Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by TNF-α to express the adhesion molecules. Then the anti-...Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil.Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by TNF-α to express the adhesion molecules. Then the anti-adhesion effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil between HUVECs and human peripheral neutrophils were observed. The ischemia-reperfusion animal models were established by 60min renal ischemia followed by 1, 3, 6 and 24h reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: the sham-operation controls, ischemic group only treated with normal saline, and treated group infused magnoliae fargesii volatile oil before reperfusion. Then the renal injury of rats was detected. Results High rate of cell adhesion between HUVECs and neutrophils was observed. Magnoliae fargesii volatile oil could inhibit the adhesion process at the concentration of 0.5μL/mL (191.6±8.6), 1.0μL/mL (158.2±9.0) and 2.0μL/mL (155.2±9.7) (P<0.05). The anti-adhesion effects were strengthened with the increase of volatile oil concentration. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of the animal models were significantly increased after 24h reperfusion while the increase was remarkably attenuated by the treatment with magnoliae fargesii volatile oil. The renal injury was severe after 1h reperfusion, which was significantly attenuated by the treatment of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil. Conclusion Magnoliae fargesii volatile oil has anti-inflammatory effects.展开更多
Pressure-induced legislation occasioned by media discourse is actually the result of an information deficit on the part of legislators. If legislators＇ information competency fails to meet the knowledge challenges of...Pressure-induced legislation occasioned by media discourse is actually the result of an information deficit on the part of legislators. If legislators＇ information competency fails to meet the knowledge challenges of the modem legal system and its activities, they will be powerless to resist the infiltration of media discourse. The result is that legislative activities are inextricably intertwined with the media; once a particular social issue is catapulted on to the media agenda, legislators have no choice but to fall into line, creating the phenomenon of pressure-induced legislation. The essential characteristic of law is its inherent constancy and stability, whereas pressure-induced legislation often loses the calmness, objectivity, prudence and comprehensiveness proper to law. Such legislative decision-making runs counter to the inherently rational mechanism of legislation and produces unfair and ineffective redistributive results. Pressure-induced legislation highlights the importance of information in public policy choices and institution design. It would be desirable for the whole legal system aimed at evaluating legislative performance to be introduced so as to provide legislators with a sufficient incentive to remodel their information competency and ensure the scientific nature and rationality of legislation.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 39900140
文摘AIM: To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane on energy balance in isolated hepatocytes during in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation, and to compare isoflurane with halothane. METHODS: Hepatocytes freshly isolated from fed rats were suspended in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, and incubated in sealed flasks under O2/CO2 or N2/CO2 (95%/5%, V/V) for 30 or 60 min, followed by 5 or 10 min of reoxygenation, with an added volatile anesthetic or not. ATP, ADP, and adenosine monophosphate in hepatocytes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and energy charge was calculated. RESULTS: During 30 min of anoxia, the energy charge and total adenine nudeotide steadily increased with the isoflurane dose from 0 to 2 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC), then decreased from 2 to 3 MAC. In short incubations (30-35 min) at 1 MAC isoflurane, energy charge modestly decreased during anoxia, which was partially prevented by isoflurane and completely reversed by reoxygenation, and total adenine nudeotide did not decrease. In long incubations (60-70 min), both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide greatly decreased during anoxia, with partial and no reversal by reoxygenation, respectively. Isoflurane partly prevented decreases in both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide during anoxia and reoxygenation. In addition, 1 MAC isoflurane obviously increased ATP/ADP, which could not be changed by 1 MAC halothane. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane partially protects isolated hepatocytes against decreases in both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide during short (reversible) or long (irreversible) anoxia.
文摘Objective:To explore the protective effect of remifentanil on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and their possible mechanism. Methods:The model of rat hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury was used and the effect of remifentanil on the ultrastructure of mitochondria, calcium homeostasis, MDA level in mitochondria were observed. Results: In contrast with the control group, mitochondrial matrix calcium concentration, calcium concentration after calcium uptake, and the quantity of calcium uptake in low and high remifentanil concentration groups and 5-HD group are lower (P<0. 01), and there is no difference in RHD (5-HD+remifentanil) group. The difference in MDA level between groups is insignificant. Conclusion:Remifentanil at clinical concentrations exerts a protective effect on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, in which activating the KATP channel may be involved.
文摘Grounded ship faces up exceptionally different stability forces unlike in her normal operating condition. This critical situation must be corrected as soon as can minimize hull stress, the risk of pollution and stability failure. Re-floating the ship need full understanding of the impact of ground reaction （R） on the ship buoyancy and stability. Re-floating the ship has different phases and there are several immediate actions that should be taken by ship＇s crew; one of these phases is re-calculation of ship stability conditions. In this paper, a guide to understanding the effect of the ground reaction （R）, determines the amount of ground pressure and its location. With consideration of the seabed form whether symmetric of asymmetric. Calculating the magnitude of the ground reaction （R） using different applicable methods, explaining the effect of using weight to re-float the ship by her own means, focusing on GM calculation after grounding.
文摘Latvia is a new European Union country, with 20-year experience in the efforts to develop the energy policy that would favour reliable supply of the state with energy and promote its effective and rational utilization. The energy law should take into consideration the technological progress and increasing energy consumption as well as the poorly regulated sphere of production and utilization. At present, new regulations are needed, as the existent ones have become outdated and unable to ensure stable development of the energy sector. However, the lack of experience and sometimes external influence could lead to a situation when the new law would not be conducive to the industrial development but vice-versa-would slow it down. Since Latvia has been confronted by counterproductive laws, it is highly important to estimate beforehand the future impact of legislation on the state economy. On issue of for the country is now to guarantee-by force of law-the optimal share of renewable energy in the national energy mix. The objective set within the framework of European Union policy is to achieve a 40% share of renewable energy by 2020; therefore, it is necessary to work out a separate law concerning the RES （renewable energy sources）. The new RES law is to regulate support and to promote increase in the share of renewable. However, there are many influencing factors--not clearly specified outlooks for the energy sector and national economy development, the interests of energy importers, lobbying, etc.; these factors can make the RES law not only ineffective but even negatively affecting the RES share stability in the state energy balance. It is therefore essential, before the law has been adopted, to thoroughly analyze it so that the optimal variant is accepted.
文摘The growing demand of organizations for alternative technologies to reduce environmental damage and meet new legislative issues brought greater focus to the activities of product recovery. One way to recover and revalue a product is by remanufacturing, which is defined as the process of recovering a product to its original specifications, promoting the reuse of materials and improving its quality and functionality. However, the context of the remanufacturing industry faces difficulties and is considered unstable and inefficient if compared to manufacturing. In this sense, this paper aims to propose a cell layout based on lean concepts and adapted to the context of remanufacturing, aiming to minimize waste, reduce variability and thereby increase efficiency. The cell layout proposal was based on a literature review and researchers＇ practical experience in the area. This layout can provide the flexibility to handle the variations inherent in the context of remanufacturing, boosting product recovery and related environmental issues.
文摘The government of Namibia has committed itself to promote the use of economically viable RE （renewable energy） technologies, as a complement to grid electrification, and to improve energy provision to rural areas. This paper presents the implementation of the Benguela Community-UNAM Wind-Power Demonstration Project, which is a community-run wind-power mini-generation pilot plant in Luderitz, Namibia. Luderitz is located in South-Western Namibia along the Namib Desert. The region experiences abundant south-westerly winds and the coastal weather conditions make it a suitable location for wind energy. This project is an initiative from the community of Luderitz and a first of its kind in Namibia. It demonstrates the application of small-scale wind energy systems in Namibia and contributes to the growing national awareness of RE and use of wind power in the country. Through its activities, the project has created a dialogue between the local authorities, business community, schools and the greater community. The balance of the paper discusses lessons learned; envisaged future development plans; highlights technical, administrative and management activities; as well as potential for replication and barriers encountered during the project implementation including institutional constraints. The solution-methods developed are presented and discussed.
文摘Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil.Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by TNF-α to express the adhesion molecules. Then the anti-adhesion effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil between HUVECs and human peripheral neutrophils were observed. The ischemia-reperfusion animal models were established by 60min renal ischemia followed by 1, 3, 6 and 24h reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: the sham-operation controls, ischemic group only treated with normal saline, and treated group infused magnoliae fargesii volatile oil before reperfusion. Then the renal injury of rats was detected. Results High rate of cell adhesion between HUVECs and neutrophils was observed. Magnoliae fargesii volatile oil could inhibit the adhesion process at the concentration of 0.5μL/mL (191.6±8.6), 1.0μL/mL (158.2±9.0) and 2.0μL/mL (155.2±9.7) (P<0.05). The anti-adhesion effects were strengthened with the increase of volatile oil concentration. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of the animal models were significantly increased after 24h reperfusion while the increase was remarkably attenuated by the treatment with magnoliae fargesii volatile oil. The renal injury was severe after 1h reperfusion, which was significantly attenuated by the treatment of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil. Conclusion Magnoliae fargesii volatile oil has anti-inflammatory effects.
文摘Pressure-induced legislation occasioned by media discourse is actually the result of an information deficit on the part of legislators. If legislators＇ information competency fails to meet the knowledge challenges of the modem legal system and its activities, they will be powerless to resist the infiltration of media discourse. The result is that legislative activities are inextricably intertwined with the media; once a particular social issue is catapulted on to the media agenda, legislators have no choice but to fall into line, creating the phenomenon of pressure-induced legislation. The essential characteristic of law is its inherent constancy and stability, whereas pressure-induced legislation often loses the calmness, objectivity, prudence and comprehensiveness proper to law. Such legislative decision-making runs counter to the inherently rational mechanism of legislation and produces unfair and ineffective redistributive results. Pressure-induced legislation highlights the importance of information in public policy choices and institution design. It would be desirable for the whole legal system aimed at evaluating legislative performance to be introduced so as to provide legislators with a sufficient incentive to remodel their information competency and ensure the scientific nature and rationality of legislation.
