宋代江阴军的政区废复与财政盈亏——兼论军政区的不稳定性

江阴作为宋代两浙地区的重要出海港口,其“州级军”先后经历了三次废复,后两次对江阴财政收入产生了明显的影响,原因在于江阴军与其曾经归属的常州之间存在利益冲突,最终在1192年烈塘港争税事件之后,常州间接夺取了江阴的商税,江阴迅速因“州级军”政区赋役负担的拖累而陷入财政危机。考察江阴军及其他军政区的情况,可知辖县数量较少的“州级军”,因易于受到时局变化、区域竞争及财政困难等因素的影响而更加不稳定。元代以后实行的“军民分治”制度,从根本上去除了军政区设置的必要性,该政区因此未能得以延续。

宋代高邮军行政地位的升降及其驱动力——兼论军政区设置的意义

宋代高邮受到漕运、行政成本、政治改革、南北关系等因素的影响,政区性质在军、县、州之间数次变化。北宋初年为征伐南唐及强化对新获之地的控制,高邮由县升军。北宋中期的降县和复军,主要是受熙丰变法及漕运的影响。建炎年间为笼络薛庆,升其驻地高邮为承州,统辖天长军,割兴化县来属。绍兴初年,镇抚使失去价值,故废承州为县。绍兴末年高邮再次升军,此后政区性质未变,但辖县有所调整。孝宗朝兴化县两次割隶高邮军,这与其“北伐”失败后内修民政、经略江淮,以图收复中原的战略措施相关。军政区的设置满足了广阔地域差异化管理的需求,一定程度上弥补了宋代基层政区军事力量薄弱的缺陷,节约了基层行政成本,并使行政体系更具灵活性和稳定性。

论五代特殊地方行政单位“军”的设置

"军"作为一种武装建制单位名称,在唐宋时期经历了一个向地方行政建制单位名称的转变,而其转变的关键期即是唐末五代时期。五代时期的"军"作为地方行政建制单位,先后设立过17个,其主要是由行政建制单位或军事、经济建制单位改置而来,其设置原因大多是出于政治、军事或经济方面的考虑。

The Troubled Russia-China Partnership as a Challenge to the East Asian Peace

With the annexation of the Crimea and the engagement in confrontation with the West, Russia has embarked on a course of making the military force into a useful instrument of policy. Moscow has effectively sacrificed the goals of modernization and development for the sake of geopolitical ambitions. The question about the price of Russia＇s revisionist enterprise is relevant for many states that are not satisfied with the unfair and often discriminating rules of the world order, first of all China. Russia hopes to inspire other states dissatisfied with the ＂unipolar＂ world order to challenge the West more boldly, but the result of its assault on the prin- ciples of nonintervention and territorial integrity might work in the opposite way. The states of East Asia could take a good measure of the risk inherent to embarking on the course of projecting power at the expense of modernization and become even more committed than before to upholding their unique prosperity-producing peace. China has a vested interest in Russian internal stability and must be worried by the prospect of a post-Putin crisis.