黄淮海平原各农业亚区潜在蒸散量变化及其对气候要素的敏感性分析

潜在蒸散量是确定作物需水量的重要依据和基础,客观分析其时空变化及气候成因具有重要意义。本文以国家气象局整编的黄淮海平原40个站点近53a(1961-2013年)逐日气象资料,将黄淮海平原分为6个农业亚区,分别计算潜在蒸散量(ET0)及其对气候要素(气温、相对湿润度、太阳辐射和风速)的敏感系数,并分析其变化特征。结果表明:从各区年、季ET0的平均值看,黄淮海平原各亚区都是夏季ET0最高,秋季和冬季以鲁西平原鲁中丘陵水浇地旱地二熟区(Ⅳ区)最高。从各区年、季ET0变化倾向率看,6个农业亚区夏季ET0均呈显著递减趋势,其中南阳盆地水浇地旱地二熟区(Ⅴ区)减幅最大,而春季ET0表现为燕山太行山山前平原水浇地二熟区(Ⅱ区)和江淮平原丘陵麦稻两熟区(VI区)呈显著递增的变化趋势、冬季Ⅱ区ET0呈现显著递增的变化趋势;从各区年、季ET0敏感系数的平均值和变化倾向率看,春、秋、冬季和年ET0对相对湿度最敏感,夏季ET0对太阳辐射最敏感;ET0对太阳辐射和相对湿度分别呈正向和负向敏感,且敏感性在时间序列上呈减弱趋势;相对湿润度和风速在环渤海山东半岛滨海外向型二熟农渔区(Ⅰ区)、太阳辐射和气温在VI区形成高值区,说明ET0在黄淮海平原Ⅰ区对相对湿润度和风速、在VI区对太阳辐射和温度较敏感。

1961-2013年黄淮海平原降蒸差的时空变化特征

基于黄淮海平原41个气象站点1961-2013年逐日气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散量,采用降水量与潜在蒸散量差值即降蒸差表征区域水分盈亏状况,结合Arc GIS地统计分析、趋势分析及Morlet小波分析,探讨黄淮海平原各季降蒸差的时空变化特征。结果表明：黄淮海平原降蒸差呈南北差异分布,在-650~100mm区间变化,南部高于北部。夏季降蒸差最高,秋、冬季次之,春季水分亏缺最严重,多年平均亏缺量为210.61mm,远高于其它季节。站点季节降蒸差的年际变化总体呈上升趋势。各农业亚区蒸散量差异不大,降蒸差差异主要由降水导致,鲁西平原鲁中丘陵水浇地旱地二熟区（Ⅵ区）降蒸差最高,为-21.63mm,海河低平原缺水水浇地二熟兼旱地一熟区（Ⅲ区）最低,为-560.42mm。6个亚区春季水分亏缺量分别占区域年总亏缺量的56.4%、51.7%、40.6%、59.7%、59.3%和66.1%。周期分析表明,黄淮海平原Ⅰ-Ⅳ各农业亚区春季降蒸差变化主周期皆为28a,黄淮平原南阳盆地水浇地旱地二熟区和江淮平原丘陵麦稻两熟区（Ⅴ和Ⅵ区）为10a,未来一段时间春季降蒸差将处于偏低期。黄淮海平原水分亏缺量季节性差异较大,干旱发生风险较高,尤以春旱发生频率较高。

A Survey of Pesticide Residues in Pollen Collected by Honey Bees from Four Different Types of Agricultural Production Areas in Slovenia

150 pollen samples collected between the years 2009 and 2011 from 30 locations, divided according to agricultural practice were analysed for the presence of pesticides. In 2009, residues were found in pollen samples from twelve locations （40%）, in 2010, in samples from four locations （13.3%） and in 2011, in samples from three locations （10%）. Altogether 15 different residues in pollen were found in 2009, two in year 2010 and five in 2011. Residues found in the pollen samples ranged from 0.001 mg/kg to 76 mg/kg. The highest number （twelve） of residues was found in pollen from the intensive fruit farming locations and from the intensive viticulture locations （eight）. The residues were mostly from the fungicide group （69%）. Insecticide residues （chlorpyrifos-ethyl, methoxyfenozide, thiacloprid） were found in the pollen samples from eight locations. Residues in the pollen did not statistically influence the development of the honeybee colonies or infestation rate of Nosema （Nosema spp.）, or viruses ABPV （acute bee paralysis virus）, SBV （sacbrood virus）, DWV （deformed wing virus）, and BQCV （black queen cell virus））.

Greenhouse Gases Fluxes on Different Peat Agroecologies at Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Peatland of central Kalimantan covers 2,934,660 ha and some areas are used for oil palm culture. Oil palm culture in peatland requires drainage system. Petland drainage is regarded to enhance greenhouse gases release due to faster peat decomposition and reduce peat surface （subsidence） in certain time. To improve peat productivity, the in situ ameliorant materials should be applied such as biochar of oil palm bunches. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse gases laboratory using soil column method to determine effect of biochar of oil palm bunches on greenhouse gases flux in different peat agro-ecology. The peat samples were taken from central Kalimantan. The peat samples were collected using soil column with 20 cm-diameter and 50 cm in height. The 3 ~ 5 experiment was arranged using randomized block design with three replicates. The first factor treatment was peat samples with different agroecologies （below 3 years old of oil palm, above 3 years old of oil palm, and scrubs）, and the second factor treatment was rate of oil palm bunches biochar （0, l, 2, 3, 4 t.ha-1）. Without applying biochar of oil palm bunches, the CO2 flux from peat with scrub was higher than from peat with oil palm plantation. Application of oil palm bunches biochar in three peat agro-ecologies emitted CO2 lower than application of no biochar. Under peat with scrub ecology, methane flux increased with time period of incubation. Methane flux was generally higher by applying biochar of oil palm bunches in scrubs agroecology, however, application of oil palm biochar reduced methane flux from peat for oil palm plantation. The increase of rate of oil palm bunches biochar decreased significantly more GHGs emission （P 〈 0.01）.

The Effect of Land Use on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Lake Victoria Crescent Agro-Ecological Zone, Uganda

The effect of land use on soil organic carbon （SOC） stocks and depth distribution of SOC was investigated in the Lake Victoria Crescent ago-ecological zone of Uganda. Soil samples were collected from six land use types at 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm from profile pits dug in similar soils and slopes. Results indicated that SOC stocks significantly differed across the various land use systems. SOC also varied significantly by depth. The highest SOC and pH were recorded under natural forest-strict nature. Grassland had the lowest SOC but the highest bulk density （BD）. Phosphorous （P） was the highest in banana-coffee systems and the lowest under tea plantations. The lowest values of pH and BD were found in highly disturbed natural forest. The upper layers of the soil （0-30 cm） stored higher amounts of SOC compared to other depths （30-60 cm and 60-90 cm）. Land use therefore has a significant effect on SOC and other soil physical and chemical properties.

Economic Value of Crop Productivity Biodiversity in ljebu Ode Agricultural Zone of Ogun State, Nigeria

Biological diversity involves genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity denotes the variation within species in the functional units of heredity present in any plant or animal, microbial or other origin of living things. Species diversity encompasses the variety of species--whether wild or domesticated, within a geographical area. This study assesses the economic value of crop productivity biodiversity in Ijebu Ode agricultural zone of Ogun State. The authors proposed a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enabled us to take into account the economic consequences of respondents＇ monthly income and species crop of three different communities. The objectives of the study are to identify the personal and socio-economic characteristics of farmers and determine the importance of biodiversity in the study area using Simpson＇s Index. The result showed that 52.50% were male, majority （32.50%） were within the age range of 31 and 40 years old, 44.17% were married, 62.50% had household size of 6-10, and majority （45.83%） had secondary education while 46.67% had up to 20 years farming experience. In conclusion, the authors find that effective factors play an important role in explaining the support for biodiversity conservation, particularly when people do not have specific knowledge about species; while ecological-scientific considerations appear when people are well-informed.

Design of an Agricultural Production Model for the Food Demand of the Mining Complex

The work＇s main purpose was to design and implement a model of agricultural production for the attention of food demand of the coal complex in the center of the department of Cesar, Colombia, by mounting Profitable Productive Units in rural areas of the zone with mining influence. The aforementioned rural communities are at a socioeconomic disadvantage concerning to the local economic development policies. It was taken a rural society with socio-economic conditions at a disadvantage, level 1 in the classification scale of 1 to 5 of Colombia, several associations were organized in each one of the affected municipalities with strong agricultural vocation to train them in profitable production strategies, authors performed technical and technological support for 12 months. In synthesis, there were meaningful differences among gross income per month of people who worked in the projects of the Young Rural Entrepreneurs, a fact confirmed by the P-value 0.00000005 （Prob. 〉 F） and the F-value 29.3, both denote the significance statistic for this case is best gross income per month of persons covered by the program, this implies that for a person of the rural community it is more meaningful economically linked to the SENA＇s Young Rural Entrepreneurs, in contrast to search for jobs in the informal sector, there is even an average value of 530.000 COP/month （about 265 US/month） higher than the statutory minimum wage for 2009, equivalent to 497.000 COP/month （about 245 US/month）.

Determinants of Adoption of Agricultural Extension of Green River Project among Rural Households of Niger Delta, Nigeria

This study analyzed the determinants of adoption of agricultural extension of Green River Project among rural households of Niger Delta, Nigeria. Questionnaire, which was randomly distributed, was used for data collection from 270 direct beneficiaries of the project. Frequency, percentage and multiple regression were used for data analyses. For the beneficiaries, the results indicated a mean age of 48 years, 9 years of formal education, annual net farm income of N115, 681.48 and 2.8 times of monthly contact with Project Extension Officers. The mean adoption status of the project was 56.6%. The relationship between socio-economic characteristics of beneficiaries and adoption status gave an R2 of 0.668. Age, education, farming, experience, farm income and extension contact were significant determinants of adoption. The study recommends improvement in formal education, farm income, extension contact and inclusion of younger farmers as beneficiaries to enhance adoption status.

Analysis on Cost and Profit in Farming Activity in Malaysia

There is an excessive dissimilarity between scholars in how to accumulate output costs. Worldwide farming advancement is concerned with yield enhancement instead of a holistic natural source management for food safety. Nevertheless, knowledge regarding the achievement of agriculture systems subject to natural and conventional management in tropical and subtropical areas is insufficient. Why do several farmers record less profit than other farmers？ Cost in agriculture activity influences the volume of profit gained by farmers. The number of respondents was 53. Data analysis was made using linear regression analysis to achieve the objective. The scatter diagram manifested a positive connection in cost and profit in agriculture activity from 2009 to 2013. For each cost increase in 2009-2012, the model forecasts a rise of returns for every year. The rate of profit earned by farmers every year shifts considerably in relation to the rate of cost in agriculture activity. This study recommends common accounting principles practices that exercise bookkeeping and managerial accounting to enhance farmstead management and profit. Future research may be conducted on the use of compost fertilizer in increasing agricultural income.