基于农业产业信息化应用的农业物种分类和编码

农业物种分类与编码是实现农业信息标准化的基础,也是推动农业信息化发展的关键。通过对网络农业信息分类现状和农业物种分类存在问题的分析,结合农业产业信息化应用特点,提出了一种适用于农业信息化应用的农业物种分类和编码设计思路。

生物技术时代农业物种多样性危机及其防范

生物技术作为21世纪的核心技术,给人类生产生活带来革命性的变化。但是,以农业为基础的生物技术,在农业生物育种技术发展到可以控制生命遗传特征的同时,也给农业物种多样性带来了危机。农业物种多样性危机产生的机理有生物价值发现后的过度开发、良种推广中的传统物种遗弃、生物育种中的育种失败、种质资源保护中的天灾人祸、生物资源争夺中的国际控制等多种原因,防范农业物种多样性的措施有:宣传防范、科技防范、行政防范、法律防范和国际防范等。

达尔文关于中国农业物种的论述——基于互补的视角

本文梳理了达尔文《动物和植物在家养下的变异》一书对几个主要的中国农业物种的论述,再以中国古代农书中关于动物与植物选种与繁殖的相关论述作为补充,以期进一步丰富人们对达尔文进化论关于动物与植物能够在人工选择下发生变异的进化思想的认识。

涉县旱作梯田系统农业物种及遗传多样性保护与利用

农业生物多样性的研究和保护是全球重要农业文化遗产保护的核心要素。以王金庄为核心的涉县旱作梯田系统2014年被认定为中国重要农业文化遗产,研究其农业生物多样性,可为涉县旱作梯田系统的保护与利用提供依据,为农业文化遗产地农业生物多样性农家就地保护提供参考。本文通过对传统农家品种普查收集与入户访谈、田间调查与种植鉴定,系统研究了涉县旱作梯田系统的农业物种和传统农家品种以及由此形成的保护与利用经验与技术。研究发现涉县旱作梯田系统种植或管理的农业物种26科57属77种,其中粮食作物15种、蔬菜作物31种、油料作物5种、干鲜果14种、药用植物以及纤维烟草等12种。共有包括171个传统农家品种,其中粮食作物62个、蔬菜作物57个、干鲜果品33个、油料作物7个、药用植物和纤维烟草12个。这些农业物种及传统农家品种,通过混合种植、轮作倒茬、间作套种、优中选优等一系列保护与利用技术被活态传承和保护。但随着城镇化和现代农业的快速推进,涉县旱作梯田系统农业生物多样性保护与利用正面临着主体缺失、技术失传、传统农家品种名称混乱、种质退化以及单一化种植造成的品种多样性丧失、单一追求产量造成适应性强的品种资源丧失、农民生计方式多样化造成梯田农业的弱化、传统农家品种生产比较效益低和重要性认识不足等问题,针对这些问题提出了建立动态保护与适应性管理机制、发展特色产业、激发农民内生动力、组织开展资源普查并建立社区种子库与农民自留种相结合的传统农家品种就地活态保护机制等对策与建议。

十堰市农业外来入侵物种风险区划分评估指标体系研究

本研究依据国家相关规定、野外调查数据和文献资料,提出了一个综合反映湖北省十堰市农业外来入侵物种风险区划分评估指标体系;为完善农业外来入侵物种风险区划分提供了评价方法,并为后期农业外来入侵物种的监测和防控提供了一定的参考依据。

四川省农业外来入侵物种的发生现状及防控对策建议

随着我国“一带一路”发展战略的实施及世界经济全球化、国际贸易和交通旅游业的快速发展,外来入侵物种的传入、传播和扩散是必然趋势,四川省农业外来入侵物种危害日益加剧,对农业生产安全造成严重威胁。为落实党的二十大报告提出的“加强生物安全管理,防治外来物种侵害”,助力建设新时代更高水平天府粮仓,在梳理四川省农业外来入侵物种危害现状的基础上,重点针对监测预警与风险评估体系不完善、基层防控治理力量薄弱、公众安全意识不强等方面分析了四川省农业外来入侵物种防控管理存在的问题,并从顶层设计、技术研发、体系培育方面提出了解决方案与建议,为四川省农业外来入侵物种防控管理提供借鉴与参考。

川东地区农业外来入侵物种现状及防控对策

农业外来入侵物种已经威胁我国川东地区,威胁生态系统稳定及多样性,严重影响农业高质量发展。开展入侵物种防控已成为川东地区生物多样性保护与农业绿色发展的重点工作。本文对川东地区农业外来入侵物种的发生现状、问题及防控对策进行梳理,发现完善市县两级农业外来入侵物种监测预警系统、全域调查监测系统以及全程综合防治系统已成为农业外来入侵物种防控成功的关键。本研究根据广安市岳池县农业外来生物入侵防治经验与工作实际情况,提出川东地区农业外来入侵物种防控对策建议,为川东地区农业外来入侵物种的防控提供借鉴。

中国农业物种遗产的保护与利用研究

作为农业文化遗产的重要部分,农业物种遗产具有丰富内涵和独特价值,是农业发展的基础资源。当前,农业物种遗产的保护与利用还存在价值认识、管理体制、保护方式和开发利用等方面的不足。应以政府为主导,建立多方参与、利益共享的机制,贯彻整体保护、活态保护原则,维护农民权益,引导农民自发保护传统物种,并加强多学科合作,在保护的前提下促进传统物种的可持续开发利用。

高黎贡山地区户级水平农田系统农业生物多样性评价——以保山百花岭村汉龙社为例

高黎贡山百花岭村汉龙社农田生态系统多样性非常丰富 ,同一土地利用阶段 (Land -usestage)在冬季共有 7种土地利用田野类型 (Fieldtype) ,土地田野类型越多的农户所管理的物种数越多 ,但非正比关系 ,由于管理强度不同 ,物种丰富度将发生变化。咖啡田和甘蔗田是冬季存在的主要的田野类型 ,两种田野类型物中 ,不同农户由于对野生物种的认识和农药使用的不同 ,其物种利用率、个体利用率、物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度都不同。如咖啡田中物种利用率低的 ( 1 4 3% )只有物种利用率高 ( 31 6 % )的 4 5 %。甘蔗田中由于管理强度较大 ,普遍使用农药除草 ,所以物种利用率、物种丰富度指数和农业物种丰富度指数都较低 ,但个体利用率较高 ,个体利用率最高达 6 5 5 %。通过物种丰富度、农业物种丰富度与农户获得的经济效益比较 ,农户在保持野生物种多样性和发展农业物种多样性的同时 ,不一定获得最大的经济效益 ,需要对中指作物种类和管理技术上进行一定的改良 ,而有的农户则在追求高收入时 。

试论我国农业自然保护工作

本文论述了国内外自然保护现状，农业自然资源受威胁程度，提出了我国农业自然保护的工作重点及发展前景。

高黎贡山地区户级水平混农林系统农业生物多样性评价——以百花岭汉龙社为例

本文概述了汉龙社混农林系统及其发展过程。选取了六个农户的核桃和板栗混农林系统进行了农业生物多样性调查与分析 ,结果表明 :不同农户的混农林系统之间物种丰富度、农业物种丰富度、物种利用率和个体利用率都存在差异。混农林系统中个体利用率较小而物种利用率相对较大。物种丰富度指数平均值为 0 0 5 2 ,其中最大的比平均值高 2 1 % ,最小的比平均值低 2 9% ;农业物种丰富度指数平均值 0 1 92 ,最大的比平均值高5 1 % ,最小的比平均值低 4 9% ,差异性较大。通过物种丰富度与经济效益比较 ,具有较高物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度的混农林系统 ,经济效益也较高 ,充分体现了混农林系统的生态。

新发重大农业入侵害虫番茄潜叶蛾的发生为害与防控对策

番茄潜叶蛾起源于南美洲西部的秘鲁,寄主植物达11科50种,喜食茄科植物,嗜食番茄,是世界番茄的毁灭性害虫。番茄潜叶蛾主要借助农产品(尤其是番茄果实)的贸易活动快速跨区跨境传播扩散,截至2021年该虫已在五大洲103个国家和地区发生,21个国家和地区疑似发生。我国于2017年首次在新疆发现番茄潜叶蛾为害露地番茄,2018年在云南发现其在保护地发生,截至2022年3月该虫已扩散传播至我国13个省(直辖市、自治区),对我国番茄、茄子、辣椒、马铃薯、烟草等茄科作物生产安全的潜在威胁巨大。本文概述了番茄潜叶蛾扩散分布、生物学、发生为害、经济生态影响,以及防治对策、控制技术等,以期为该虫有效防控提供参考。

山东省农业外来植物入侵现状及防治对策分析

就山东省外来植物入侵现状、目前对农业危害较大的入侵植物蔓延的原因以及其危害等进行了分析,并提出了防治的建议。

A multi-objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water resources and its method

Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this paper presents a multi objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water allocation, which overcomes the shortcoming of current models that only considered the economic objective,and ignored the social and environmental objectives. During the process, a new method named fuzzy deciding weight is developed to decide the objective weight. A case study shows that the model is reliable, the method is simple and objective, and the results are reasonable. This model is useful for agricultural management and sustainable development.

我国将调整十大经济比例关系

在调查研究的基础上,到本世纪末,我国的经济发展十大比例关系为:1、第一产业∶第二产业∶第三产业为18.2∶52∶29.8;2、工业∶农业为84∶16;3、重工业∶轻工业为1∶1;4、农业物种植业占农村经济的10％,其中粮食为60％;5、积累∶消费为33.34∶65.5;6。

Relationships between changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor during development stages of F_1 seeds of sh_2 sweet corn

The changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor in F1 seeds of sh2 sweet corn during seed development stage were investigated and the relationships between them were analyzed by time series regression (TSR) analysis. The results show that total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents gradually declined, while starch and soluble protein contents increased throughout the seed development stages. Germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index gradually increased along with seed development and reached the highest levels at 38 d after pollination (DAP). The TSR showed that, during 14 to 42 DAP, total soluble sugar content was independent of the vigor parameters determined in present experiment, while the reducing sugar content had a significant effect on seed vigor. TSR equations between seed reducing sugar and seed vigor were also developed. There were negative correlations between the seed reducing sugar content and the germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index, respectively. It is suggested that the seed germination, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index could be predicted by the content of reducing sugar in sweet corn seeds during seed development stages.

Distribution and Identification of Ixodid Tick Species on Livestock in Northern Pakistan

Identification of lxodid tick species on livestock in two districts, viz., D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat of Northern Pakistan were made during the period from March to November 2009 through animals＇ survey and questionnaire. The main tick species were Amblyomma （14.3%）, Boophilus microplus （l 8.5%） and Hyalomma anatolicum and H. dromedarii （67.2%）. Out of 3009 collected ticks, the highest number of female （88.7%） and the lowest of males （ l 1.3%） belong to Boophilus; the lowest number of female （92.4%） and the highest of males （77.5%） belong to Amblyomma. However, cows were more susceptible than buffaloes and camels ranked third to ticks infestation. Moreover, cows, buffalos, goats and sheep harbored mixed infestation （had more than one type of ticks）, however, camels and donkey harbored single infestation （had only one type of tick）. An emerging ethno-veterinary or traditional remedy is poultry keeping for ticks＇ elimination in Lakki Marwat. The results of this research will be helped in taking appropriate measures to reduce tick infestation and to improve management practices. Hence, it will help to increase farm productivity and farmers income.

Fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid by inoculating white-rot fungus during different phases of agricultural waste composting

The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting, and its effect on the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid (HA) was studied. The results show that the emission spectra have a sharp peak at 400 nm and a broad shoulder with the maximum centered at 460 nm. The excitation spectra have two peaks and exhibit red shift (shift to longer wavelengths) at 470 nm. The synchronous scan spectra present a number of peaks and shoulders, and the peaks at shorter wavelengths disappear gradually and form a shoulder. At the final stage of composting, the fluorescence spectra have similar shapes, but the fluorescence intensities decrease. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase. Compared with the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of HA from soil, the structure of HA from compost is simpler and the activity is higher.

Climate Change in Southwest China during 1961–2010:Impacts and Adaptation

Due to climate change, the regional agro-climatic conditions in Southwest China have undergone changes. The heat sources for the growth of crops have been improved. The number of days with temperatures steadily above 0℃ and 10℃ （two criteria） have increased during 1960-2010. The area suitable for multiple cropping has increased; the growth period has shortened; the climatic potential productivity has declined; the pest damage has worsened. During 1986-2010, the desired cooling degree days in Southwest China has increased at 38.9℃ d per decade. Forest fires and pests have increased. The area of meadow and wetlands has decreased. Heterogeneous invasion has intensified; endangered animal and plant species have increased. The tourism landscape has been damaged.＇ The risk of human health has increased. In the 21st century, with the increase of temperature and precipitation, the number of days with temperature steadily above 10℃ and the accumulated temperature will continue to increase, most notably in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The area of intercropping will expand; multiple cropping will move to higher altitudes. The impacts of agro- meteorological disasters, pests and diseases will intensify. The summer cooling energy consumption continues to increase; energy supply will show larger variability; the gap between energy supply and demand will be widened. The phenology will keep on changing, and the habitat will be worsening. Biological population will move northward and to higher altitudes. Some species are at risk of extinction. Negative effects on health will increase.

Riparian Vegetation Dynamics Across Two Different Landscapes Along the River Cauvery in the Kodagu Region of Western Ghats

Decades of commercial planting and other anthropogenic processes are posing a threat to the riparian landscapes of the Cauvery river basin, which supports a high floral diversity. Despite this, the habitats in the upstream sections of the River Cauvery are still intact, as they are located in sacred groves. To understand the dynamism of riparian forests exposed to anthropogenic pressures, the upstream stretch of Cauvery extending from Kushalanagara to Talacauvery （~102 km） was categorized into two landscapes： agro ecosystem and sacred （i.e. preserved）. The tree species were sampled using belt transects at 5 km intervals and the regeneration status of endemic species assessed using quadrats. A total of 128 species belonging to 47 families, and representing 1,590 individuals, was observed. Amongst them, 65% of unique species were exclusive to sacred landscapes. A rarefaction plot confirmed higher species richness for the sacred compared to the agro ecosystem landscapes, and diversity indices with more evenness in distribution were evident in sacred landscapes. A significant loss of endemic tree species in the agro ecosystem landscapes was found. Overall, this study demonstrates that an intense biotic pressure in terms of plantations and other anthropogenic activities have altered the species composition of the riparian zone in non-sacred areas. A permanent policy implication is required for the conservation of riparian buffers to avoid further ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity.