欧盟农业环境补贴措施的改革及其启示

农业环境措施旨在给那些在自愿的基础上申请加入与环境保护和乡村维护相关的环境承诺的农民提供补贴。农业环境措施是将环境问题纳入共同农业政策的一个关键要素。它们通过对农民的环境服务提供支付以鼓励农民保护和改善在其农地里的环境。农业环境支付鼓励农民采用能提供积极的环境成果的农业生产活动或生产集约化水平,而与此同时不让盈利的观点成为必然的首选目标。各成员国可在国家、地区和本地的层面上来设计农业环境措施以适应欧盟境内多样化的特殊农业耕作制度和环境条件。

非点源污染最佳管理措施成本-效益分析研究综述

农业非点源污染由于其特有的分散性及时空异质性等特点,对其进行有效的控制较为困难。最佳管理措施(BMPs,Best Management Practices)是实现流域农业非点源污染控制的有效手段。国内外相关经验表明,合理的BMPs配置能够有效控制农业非点源污染的影响。而对BMPs方案的成本-效益进行评估则是实现BMPs优化配置的前提条件。通过对目前国外及中国的成本—效益研究案例剖析基础上,分析了BMPs成本—效益研究的现状、意义以及局限性。结果表明:(1)目前BMPs配置的成本—效益研究多以"典型"区域或小尺度模型为基础进行分析,未考虑不同研究区之间的差异;(2)仅关注某种措施的生态效益,或者BMPs实施中所发生的直接成本(如:成本—收益、成本效益曲线),未考虑BMPs实施的外部成本;(3)对BMPs成本-效益评估的不确定性表征不足。基于上述评述,对中国今后流域非点源污染控制BMPs配置研究中成本—效益分析及相关政策的制定和实施提供了一些建议和启示。

Analyzing Environmental Stress Counter-measures in Agricultural Heritage Sites in China

In recent years, with climate change, many agricultural systems are facing severe environmental stress, which are seriously threatening the food security and sustainable development of agricultural system. Although mainstream agro-system can effectively reduce the adverse agro-production effect rapidly by using modern technology, but many of them bring serious ecological crisis at the same time. For the sustainable development of agro-systems, the stress mitigation options must give full consideration to ecological protection. The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） sites, relying on its unique land use, water conservancy facilities, traditional crops, etc., form unique production system creating a better match with local natural conditions. Based on disaster mitigation system theory and practice, this paper analyzes environmental stress counter-measures of several GIAHS sites in China. The water requirement of milet, a drought-tolerant crop in Aohan Dryland Farming System （recognized as a GIAHS pilot site in 2012）, has a better match with local water conditions. By reducing vulnerability of crops, agriculture survived healthily in semi-arid regions. Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System （recognized as a GIAHS pilot site in 2010）, relying on the unique land and water use patterns, has successfully reshape disaster inducing environment, and effectively reduce the risk/effects of droughts. Besides, due to the high price, rich crop diversity and variety of income channel, the Agricultural Heritage sites can ensure the economic income and agro-system health when facing environmental stress. Stress counter-measures of traditional agricultural systems make full use of the regulation and spontaneity ability of the natural system, which is an important way to achieve sustainable development of ecological agriculture.

Payments for Grassland Ecosystem Services:A Comparison of Two Examples in China and Germany

目前,草地生态系统退化成为全球关注的问题。生态补偿机制(PES)是为了草地生态系统的恢复/保护,采取补贴或支付费用的方式,改变使用者资源利用方式的制度安排。科学、合理的生态补偿制度需要全面地考虑可能出现的风险和挑战:如环境效益的滞后性,不可预见的监督、管理成本和社会经济目标(足额补偿标准、公平)的实现。本文的目标是通过中德两国生态补偿措施的对比(选取中国内蒙古锡林郭勒盟,德国勃兰登堡州为案例区域进行研究),为今后中德两国的生态补偿理论和实践提供依据。研究着重以下四个方面进行分析:中德两国生态补偿的实施框架,目标人群,实施效果评估等。研究结果表明,由于缺乏有效的激励机制,农户作为最基层的执行单位和实施者,其参与的主动性不够,中德两国生态补偿措施实施的成效有待提高。基于研究结果,提出了今后生态补偿项目设计中,中国应侧重于项目实施的监控和管理制度;而德国应在空间目标规划和具体管理措施和方式等方面进行完善。