加强农业面源污染防治打造广西西江流域“农业生态源”

面源污染已成为国内外水生态环境问题研究的热点。简要介绍了一些国内外农业面源污染对水体污染的现状,并分析了作为西江流域生态屏障的广西所面临的一些严峻挑战,并从科学布局、法制建设、常态化监控、技术集成、补充与协调机制等方面提出了加强西江流域中上游农业面源污染防控与治理,打造西江流域中上游"农业生态源",保护好西江水生态环境的科学建议。

Influence of Cooperatives’Socialized Services on Agricultural Households’Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Use Intensity-Based on the Evidence from Two Counties,Hubei,China

Abuse of chemical fertilizer and pesticide will not only impair the quality of agricultural products,but also damage the agricultural ecological environment.From the perspective of cooperatives’socialized services,this paper studies agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use behavior,attempting to provide references for the government’s formulation of relevant policies and cooperatives’adjustment of their operation strategies.The survey data of 518 agricultural households in Zigui County and Badong County,Hubei Province,China are used to examine the influence of cooperatives and their socialized services on agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity via propensity score matching.Research reveals that:(1)Joining cooperatives has a significantly negative influence on agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity,and the average treatment effect is-341.505 yuan mu^(-1).(2)Agricultural materials supply services and technical support services can significantly bring down agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity,and the average treatment effect is-225.966 yuan mu^(-1)and-163.580 yuan mu^(-1),respectively.While the influence of agricultural products sale services on chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity is not significant.(3)Grouped investigation is carried out by age,education years and planting scale,and the influence of socialized services on agricultural householders’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity is obviously varied among different groups.The influence of agricultural materials supply services on agricultural households who are elder,with smaller education years and small planting scale is significant;the influence of technical support services on agricultural households who are younger,with higher education years and small planting scale is significant;the influence of agricultural products sale services on agricultural households who are elder is significant.It is necessary to improve the percentage of agricultural households joining cooperatives,increase the supply level of cooperatives’socialized services,and make socialized services of cooperatives more targeted.All this can contribute to further reduction of agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity.

Analysis on Strategic Future of Application of Agricultural Ecological Source in Control on Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution in Xi River Area in Guangxi

Non-point source pollution has become a hot issue on aquatic ecological environment at home and abroad. The research analyzed the challenges confronted by Xi River and proposed to construct agricultural ecological source in middle and upper reaches of the Xi River from the perspectives of scientific layout, legal construction, routine monitoring, technology integration, and coordination system in order to promote sustainable development of eco-environment in Xi River.

Evaluation for Use Efficiency of Agricultural Resources in Grain Production:A Case Study of Changshu,Taihe and Ansai in China

This paper aims to establish an index system for evaluation of agricultural resources use efficiency(ARUE) in grain production and discuss the causes of low efficiency and high consumption of agricultural resources in Changshu of Jiangsu Province,Taihe of Jiangxi Province and Ansai of Shaanxi Province in China by analyzing the data about meteorology,soil,water consumption and grain production. Agro-ecological Zone(AEZ) method was adopted to calculate the potential productivity,and synthetically multivariate equation was used to evaluate the ARUE of study areas. This paper can be concluded as:1) the agricultural resources in grain production can be classified into five categories,i.e.,climatic resources,water resources,land resources,biological resources and assistant resources,and 15 indexes were selected to evaluate their use efficiency in grain production;2) the values of ARUE in grain production are 0.5868,0.6368 and 0.5390 respectively in Changshu,Taihe and Ansai;and 3) Changshu ranks the highest among the three study areas in terms of the use efficiency of climatic resources and biological resources(evaluation values are 0.0277 and 0.1530) ,but Taihe tops the three in terms of the use efficiency of water resources,land resources and assistant resources(evaluation values are 0.0502,0.2945 and 0.1379 respectively) . However,the ARUE remains always low in Ansai for all the resources. The inefficiencies are caused by poor grain revenue in Changshu,deficient agriculture investments in Taihe and unfavorable natural conditions in Ansai.

ECONOMIC APPROACH FOR CONTROL AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN CHINA

This paper mainly discusses the feasibility to establish economic policy systems for control and management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China. The current situation of serious agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China is described firstly. Based on the environmental policy and economics theories, the system of economic policies for control and management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution is designed in this paper. This system includes the policy objective, the designing principle and the methods. The key issues include pollution charge, inputs tax for restriction, subsides for induction and incentive, effluent trading for least cost reduction. The emphases are optimized on inputs tax and agricultural chemical tax permit under complete information, as well as sub-optimized inputs tax under incomplete information, subsides for farm due to positive and negative externality. The functions and suitability of the policies are also analyzed in the paper. According to the field experiment results and other relating economic data in watershed of the Chaohe River, Beijing, some economic approaches to reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution are proposed. The main idea is to encourage and support the farmers to improve their farming way, and to implement the policy of castigating charge simultaneously. The feasibility of the policies are analyzed with consideration of economy, technology and institution. It is concluded that the economic policies are necessary and feasible.

Discussion on an Eco-Agriculture Model in the Semi-Arid Region of China

The semi-arid region of China covers an area of 2.2 x106km2. Water shortage in this region is the core but not the only one factor for the sustainable development of agriculture. Effective application of the energy and all kinds of resources and overall maintenance of the balance of ecological environment must be emphasized for sustainable development of the agriculture in the region. The extensive development of rural yard-economy is the only way to realize the intensive agricultural development there. A model is developed on the basis of our studies in recent years.

Resource Flows of Villages with Contrasting Lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Central Himalaya, India

Resource use efficiency analyses of village ecosystem are necessary for effective and efficient planning of resource utilization. This paper deals with economic and energy input-output analyses of different components of village ecosystem in representative buffer zone villages, which are practicing transhumance and settled way of lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） of Garhwal Himalaya. While the villages practicing transhumance used various natural resources spatially segregated,the villages practicing settled way of lifestyle have to manage resources from a limited spatial area through rotation and varied extraction intensities. Forests subsidized the production activity in both type of villages and the per capita resource extractions were found to be greater in tran^humance village than settled village. Though crops provided maximum energy, in terms of economic criteria, animal husbandry played important role in both settled and transhumance villages. As villages representing both the situations showed different ways of adjustments to the conservation oriented land use changes, management authority needs to address the eco-development plans fulfilling the aspirations of all people traditionally using the resources of the Reserve to reduce the conflicts and encourage their participation in the conservation of the area.

Emergy Evaluation of a Village Ecosystem in Wolong Nature Reserve in China

Due to historic reasons, there are several human settlements in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity. Establishment of nature reserves may however generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves. The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock (domestic and alpine) and forest ecosystem. An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment. The increasing ratio of electricity in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmental conservation. Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.

Establishing an Agro-ecological Compensation Mechanism to Promote Agricultural Green Development in China

In recent years, grain production has been rising steadily, and the income of farmers has been in- creasing dramatically, thanks in part to the central government＇s policy support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers. However, the conventional production mode leads to overconsumption of agricultural resources, increas- ingly challenging ecological environment impacts, and higher costs of agricultural products whose quality falls short of public expectations. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council both put ex- tra emphasis on agricultural supply-side reform, restructuring of the sector, and a shift in the production mode. This paper explains the significance of the agro-ecological compensation mechanism, analyzes the efficacy of China＇s current agricultural subsidy policies, introduces related experience from developed countries, elaborates options to establish the mechanism, and proposes policy recommendations to accelerate its development. This analysis con- cludes that one of the most important approaches to agricultural green development is to shift the existing subsidy policy from one which aims to ensure the yield by purchasing at a protective price, to a green subsidy which focuses on agro-ecological compensation.