Organic farming in Indonesia has been developed quite pass in the last five years. This evidence was pushed by increasing the demand either in domestic or in foreign market. The increase of demand was due to the icrea...Organic farming in Indonesia has been developed quite pass in the last five years. This evidence was pushed by increasing the demand either in domestic or in foreign market. The increase of demand was due to the icrease of awareness of society to healthy and savety food for people. Related to this isues the Government of Indonesia has built an Organic Farming Competence Authority （OKPO）. This Competent has responsibilities to facilitate and administrate organic farming business in Indonesia. The diversity of organic produced in Indonesia is mostly paddy/rice, and followed by other organic products such as nutmeg, cashew nut, cinnamon, capsicum, mangosteen, brown sugar or other coconut products, cocoa bean, coffee bean, clover, pepper, Zalacca, lychee, longan, duku （lanseh） and some fruits and vegetables. Mostly organic produce is exported to foreign coutries. There are also some assosiations such as Indonesia Organic Aliance （AOI）, Indonesia Farmer Organic Assosiation （APOI）, Community Concern Organic Farmer （CCOF） who support the development of organic movement. Certification Body for Competency of Inspectors and Facilitators for organic divelopment either for plant or livestock has just been established.展开更多
Iran is the main pistachio producer and exporter country in the world. Pistachio as a commercial output has a special importance in the agricultural production of Iran and contains large portion of non-oil exportation...Iran is the main pistachio producer and exporter country in the world. Pistachio as a commercial output has a special importance in the agricultural production of Iran and contains large portion of non-oil exportation. The main aim of this study has been to analysis the world market and Iran＇s pistachio exports market using Hirschman-Herfindahl index. For this purpose, Iran＇s exports data over 1992-2009 and world exports statistics in 1992-2007 have been used. The results showed that diversification in target markets of Iran＇s pistachio exports increased in this period. The market structure of pistachio exports for Iran has been predominant firm and monopoly in first and end of this period, respectively. While in world market, Iran has been predominant firm except 1997 and 2007 years. According to findings of this study, it is forecasted that the competition degree of Iran＇s pistachio exports market will increase during the period 2011 to 2015.展开更多
This research paper attempts to determine the relationship between agricultural import tariff and economic growth of Mercosur countries over the period 1996-2007 using regression analysis as well as evaluates the gain...This research paper attempts to determine the relationship between agricultural import tariff and economic growth of Mercosur countries over the period 1996-2007 using regression analysis as well as evaluates the gains and losses from the group＇s trade policy over the same period. The introductory part of this paper focuses on the dynamics of changes in economic growth, trade, and import tariff of these countries over the last two decades. The results of the performed regression analysis of panel data suggest that trade liberalization has a quantitatively significant positive effect on growth. By using the coefficient estimates on tariff, the authors perform a quantitative evaluation of gains and losses from trade policy, for which tariff measures to trade （imports） are used as a proxy.展开更多
文摘Organic farming in Indonesia has been developed quite pass in the last five years. This evidence was pushed by increasing the demand either in domestic or in foreign market. The increase of demand was due to the icrease of awareness of society to healthy and savety food for people. Related to this isues the Government of Indonesia has built an Organic Farming Competence Authority （OKPO）. This Competent has responsibilities to facilitate and administrate organic farming business in Indonesia. The diversity of organic produced in Indonesia is mostly paddy/rice, and followed by other organic products such as nutmeg, cashew nut, cinnamon, capsicum, mangosteen, brown sugar or other coconut products, cocoa bean, coffee bean, clover, pepper, Zalacca, lychee, longan, duku （lanseh） and some fruits and vegetables. Mostly organic produce is exported to foreign coutries. There are also some assosiations such as Indonesia Organic Aliance （AOI）, Indonesia Farmer Organic Assosiation （APOI）, Community Concern Organic Farmer （CCOF） who support the development of organic movement. Certification Body for Competency of Inspectors and Facilitators for organic divelopment either for plant or livestock has just been established.
文摘Iran is the main pistachio producer and exporter country in the world. Pistachio as a commercial output has a special importance in the agricultural production of Iran and contains large portion of non-oil exportation. The main aim of this study has been to analysis the world market and Iran＇s pistachio exports market using Hirschman-Herfindahl index. For this purpose, Iran＇s exports data over 1992-2009 and world exports statistics in 1992-2007 have been used. The results showed that diversification in target markets of Iran＇s pistachio exports increased in this period. The market structure of pistachio exports for Iran has been predominant firm and monopoly in first and end of this period, respectively. While in world market, Iran has been predominant firm except 1997 and 2007 years. According to findings of this study, it is forecasted that the competition degree of Iran＇s pistachio exports market will increase during the period 2011 to 2015.
文摘This research paper attempts to determine the relationship between agricultural import tariff and economic growth of Mercosur countries over the period 1996-2007 using regression analysis as well as evaluates the gains and losses from the group＇s trade policy over the same period. The introductory part of this paper focuses on the dynamics of changes in economic growth, trade, and import tariff of these countries over the last two decades. The results of the performed regression analysis of panel data suggest that trade liberalization has a quantitatively significant positive effect on growth. By using the coefficient estimates on tariff, the authors perform a quantitative evaluation of gains and losses from trade policy, for which tariff measures to trade （imports） are used as a proxy.
