农地制、土地利用与可持续发展——以内蒙古一个村落的60年变迁为例

农地制、土地利用与可持续发展是处于国际学术前沿的一个发展课题。迄今对中国乡村这三者之间关系所做的探究不单缺乏以社区为本的实证研究,而且往往忽视了村落层面非正规制度所起的作用。基于民族志田野调查,文章从历史视野勾勒了内蒙古一个村落以往60年土地利用活动的流变及与之伴生的生态后果,并探究了其背后的制度因素。研究揭示,这个村不断变化的土地利用实践是自上而下的国家正规制度与嵌入村落社区的非正规制度交互作用的结果。国家农地制度中所有权与使用权的分离、集体行动的弱化、社会资本的丧失以及市场经济的冲击等正规与非正规的制度机制的缺失都加剧了微观层面的不可持续性。这一切都折射了西部乃至全国各地带有普遍性的共同挑战,有助于拓宽并加深对农业和农村可持续发展的理解。

中国转型期农地规制法律制度探讨

在工业化和城市化进程快速推进的中国转型期,社会经济发展加速了农地的转化,这给农地规制带来一系列问题。针对传统的农地规制倾向农地数量方面,在农地质量与生态方面的规定相对欠缺这一问题,对转型期中国农地规制法律制度进行了深入探讨,并提出了相应的改革的目标与具体构想。

传统农业地区农民土地制度选择偏好的影响因素分析

一、农民的土地制度选择偏好对土地制度变迁的影响(一)农民在制度变迁中的作用很多学者在研究农村土地制度的过程中都研究了农民在土地制度变迁中的行为,肯定了农民并非只能被动的接受土地制度的变迁,而是能够通过自身的行为影响土地制度变迁的路径。林毅夫在对于土地制度变迁动力的研究中认为当人民公社式的土地制度剥夺了农民推出合作组织的权力,农民出于自身经济利益的考虑会选择消极的生产行为。周其仁认为当农村土地制度剥夺了农民的产权,农民和集体、国家的谈判地位丧失的时候,农民会以消极的态度做出反应。刘守英认为农村土地制度的变迁的过程是农民、村干部、国家等主体进行博弈的过程。

发达国家农村土地流转制度对我国的启示

通过对美国的农村土地流转制度——家庭农场制基础上的市场调节;日本的农村土地流转制度——官方与民间的中介机构共同促进;欧洲主要国家的农村土地流转制度进行研究和分析,阐述了发达国家农村土地流转制度对我国的启示:尊重并保护广大农民的合法土地权利,健全农村土地保护制度和农业用地转变用途许可制度,稳健的支农政策是进行农村土地制度改革和创新的必要保障,创新家庭经营方式是农村土地经营制度顺利运行的重要途径,强化土地承包权,完善土地承包经营权流转管理,依托市场提升土地流转的运作效率,以推进农业的集中化程度来提高农业的竞争力,加快建立农村土地承包流转的仲裁机制,期望能够对我国当前土地流转的制度完善进行有益的探索。

我国农地征用走向市场的思考

从征用权出发,就近年来农地征用中出现的一些问题做了简要分析,并对征地过程中的农地征用转性规制作用效果进行评价,从中引出当前我国农地征用所遗留下来的一些问题,最后建议中国农地征用的出路——走向市场。

中国农地产权制度创新构想

本文从历史和现实的角度说明了农地制度变革的重要性 ,分析了我国农村经济停滞的根源在于农地的超小规模经营和农地资产的凝固化 ,认为农地制度创新的目标是在把农地产权一次性固化在农民个人手中的同时 ,活化农地产权 ,与社会主义市场经济发展相适应 ,进行市场化的自由流动 ,并在流动中实现土地资产的增值和效率化的配置。

Controlling effects of forest belts on non-point source pollution of agricultural lands in Taihu Lake area, China

Taihu Lake area is one of the most developed areas in agricultural production. Application of fertilizers and pesticides in large quantities greatly aggravate environmental pollution of this area, and water pollution has worsened to an unbearable condition. Two sampling farms (respectively 1 hm2) under rape-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation were selected as studied ecosystem and a 5-yr-old Poplar forest and 8-yr-old Metasequoia forest were chosen in the selected areas. By collecting samples of Nitrogen, Phosphorus in water, crops and underground of forest, the transfer and loss of N and P (main water pollutants) in faming ecosystem were studied, and the effects of forest belts on non-point source pollution of agricultural lands was analyzed. The results indicated that the transfer and loss of N and P vary with means of rotation, types of crops and the amount of fertilizer application. Buffering forest belts betweens farmlands and ditches can effectively stop and purify such elements as N and P in soil runoffs, thus controlling non-point source pollution of agricultural lands. When the width ratio of farmland to forest belt is 100 to 40, 50.05% losing N, 29.37% losing P can be absorbed by forest under rape-rice rotation and 30.98% N, 86.73% P can be absorbed by forest under wheat-rice rotation. When the width ratio of farmland to forest belt is 150 to 40, 33.37% losing N, 19.58% losing P can be absorbed by the forest under rape-rice rotation, and under wheat-rice rotation 20.65% lost N and 57.82% lost P can be absorbed. There is only some purification effect when the width ration of farmland to forest belt is 200 to 40. Based on model of buffering forest belts, the width ratio of farmland to forest is determined between 100 to 40 and 150 to 40, because it not only can purify water, but also occupy less farmland. It is suggested that Poplars, with the characteristics of fast-growing and high value, are suitable to be planted as shelter-forest in Taihu Lake Watershed.

Relationships and Evolving Networks of Rural Manufacturing Clusters: A Case Study in Yucheng County, Henan Province of China

The evolution of networks in rural industrial clusters,in particular in the context of China has been paid more attention to in the world.Applying the theory and techniques of social network analysis (SNA),this study is with particular regard to the business network relationships and their evolutionary dynamics of steel measuring tape manufacturing clustered in Nanzhuang Village,Yucheng County of Henan Province,China,which is important for better understanding the industrial and regional development in less developed rural areas.From data collected by comprehensive questionnaire survey in 2002 and mass interviews with 60 enterprises and assembling families and several government authorities in 2002,2003,2004,2005 and 2008,four types of networks are identified: spin-off,consulting,communication and cooperative.The characteristic of these networks is outlined in detail.Compared with the high-tech clusters of typical developed areas,the networks that have evolved in traditional manufacturing clusters are more affected by emotive linkages.The cluster networks are shown to exhibit a polycentric hierarchical structure.The family relationships are the dominate spin-off channels of enterprises,while the supply and demand relationships and the mobility of the skilled workers are also important paths of network learning,and the cooperation relationships are comparatively stable.Besides the root enterprises,the middle-sized enterprises are comparatively more active than small-sized enterprises,and the intermediary agencies and the service institutions act as bridges of the inter-enterprises cooperation.By analysis of the structure of networks and the interactions between the networks,the four stages of network evolution are also identified.The four stages are dominated by the family networks,the internal division production networks,the local innovation networks and the global supply networks respectively,and they play different roles in cluster development.

Characteristics and Mechanism of Agricultural Transformation in Typical Rural Areas of Eastern China:A Case Study of Yucheng City,Shandong Province

Rural off-farm employment,rapid loss of agricultural land,and advanced technology popularization had led agricultural production in Chinese typical rural areas come at a critical transformation and upgrade stage.Based on sample survey data gathered from 401 households in Yucheng City,Shandong Province,this paper focuses on the characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of the eastern China.It was found that 74.3% of households surveyed kept at least one member engaging in off-farm employment,and 57.1% looked forward to expanding the operational scale of arable land,while just 13.7% had actually transferred their agricultural land.Since growing off-farm employment does not result in the collapse of traditional subsistence agriculture,therefore,agricultural production in Yucheng City is at an incomplete transformation phase from traditional small-holder farming to modern scale economy.It is caused by both macro environments and family characteristics,while urban-rural dual structure,imperfect rural development policy and agricultural technology popularization make peasant economy strengthen upon maintenance,and small-holder farming becomes peasant's natural response owing to pluriactivity,local off-farm employment,reverse elimination,etc.In order to achieve smooth agricultural transformation of typical rural areas in the eastern China,it needs to promote professional differentiation among peasants,under clear policies adopted by central government.Providing comprehensive services for agricultural production and improving production skills and knowledge of farmers who are still living in the countryside will effectively stimulate the process of agricultural transformation.

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use:An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.

Farmland Capitalization an Urgen issue in Institutional Reform

Developing modern agriculture is an important aspect of urban and rural integration. Chintz has adopted a new, highly compatible, multipronged approach. Judgingfrom current agricultural and rural policies, factors like capital, labor and land will continue to interact and revolve. The transformation of China＇s rural land tenure system is at a critical posifion in the overall strategy of developing tile rural economy. However, rural institutional reform will inevitably be constrained by the path and pattern China＇s industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization take. Creating a new pattern of urban and rural socioeconomic integration requires reform and improvement of rural grassroots governance structure. The interaction and reconsolidation of the factors have again become intertwined with the superstructure of rural society and will inevitably affect the direction and pace of rural grassroots governance structural reJbrm. Protecting the economic interests of farmers while respecting their democratic rights will always be at the heart of agricultural modernization.

Analysis of Household Management Behavior in the Reclamation and Agricultural Area under Different Land Systems

In the paper, three farms of Jiansanjiang Farming Bureau and five villages in of Dayushu Town in Fujin county randomly were taken as data sources for the investigation of household behavior of reclamation and agricultural area under different land systems, and it can be concluded that the main content included production scale, arable land use structure, household behavior and economic benefits. By comparison and analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of reclamation and agricultural area can be found, which could provide references for agricultural land reform for achieving a more suitable socio-economic of efficient use and sustained and healthy development of agriculture.

Structure and Ownership of Agricultural Land in Poland in the First Years of New Millennium

Poland is characterized by a high relations, existing in the past, low level of overpopulation. Concentration of agricultural share of agricultural land in total surface. economic development, compared to the land is observed on areas with fertile soils This is the effect of the socio-economic countries of Western Europe, and rural and in the less industrialized central and eastern parts of the country. The lowest shares of agricultural land are observed on areas featuring natural conditions disadvantageous for farming, the highly forested North-Western Poland, and the areas characterized by high degree of industrialization and urbanization. The contemporary ownership structure in Poland is the effect of historical transformations of the social, economic and political relations. The pattern of the ownership structure developed over the centuries, and it is the resultant of the diverse socio-economic processes.

Developing Mechanism of Rubber-tea-chicken Agro-forestry Model in Tropical Area of China

As a typical tropical agro-forestry ecosystem in Wenchang, Hainan Province, China, rational mechanisms of the rubber-tea-chicken eco-agricultural model were studied with the Solow technological level index, stability indicator, harmonizing coefficient, grey corretation coefficient and production dominance. This study focused on rational hierarchical structure, the limiting factors and optimal strategies of the model development based on model structure, resource conditions and external market demands. Results showed that rational mechanism of the rubber-tea-chicken ecosystem model mainly included technological contributions, leverage function of dominance component （livestock husbandry）, stability of the model structure and harmony of its components, the model dominant product＇s market demand and government＇s supporting policies. The contributions of fund, technology, information and talent resources played an important role in improving sustainability and productivity of the agro-forestry model.

Farmland Merging in Poland--A Success or Failure in Land Management Policy

Farmland merging is a significant tool in comprehensive rural areas development. Although a broad range of research relating to this field already exists, not enough emphasis has yet been placed on this issue in Poland. In all probability it would not be a point for broad discussion if this situation related to a country, where agriculture is negligible. Nonetheless, in Poland agriculture plays a very important role in the economy： it employs 17% of labour force and arable land covers about 60% of the total area. Yet, even where land consolidation work has been carried out for years, the expected effects are still not appreciable, mostly because of the disastrous formal and legal policy. This paper intends to make a contribution to the field of knowledge of farmland merging in Poland. Particular attention was focused on the importance of land management policy in the streamlining of land consolidation activities. The study brings a fresh view on the examination of the effectiveness of farmland merging work, based on two different formal procedures carried out in Poland. During the investigation the main obstacles and weaknesses in legal regulation were revealed while at the same time, producing possible solutions.

Assessment of Soil Quality Using Microarthropod Communities Under Different Land System： A Case Study in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

The study aimed to evaluate soil quality using microarthopods density, diversity and soil biological quality index （QBS-ar） under different land use systems and elevation gradients. A secondary aim was to determine the relationship among soil biological and physiochemical indicators. Three groups of soil microarthropods were recognized viz. （1） Collembola （38%） （2） Acarina （33%） and （3） other microarthropods （29%）. ANOVA indicated that total microarthropods densities differed significantly with land use and elevation. Population density of Acarina and other mieroarthropods were weakly significant different according to land use, while Collembola and Acarina densities showed highly significant difference with elevation. Total microarthropods, Acarina and Collembola densities were positively significantly correlated with soil organic carbon （SOC） and moisture but negatively correlated with bulk density, pH and temperature of the soil. SOC and soil moisture appeared to be good indicators of soil quality as reflected by the higher density and diversity of soil total microarthropods, Collembola, Acarina and other microarthropods group. The use of microarthropods for soil quality assessment could be effective and relatively inexpensive tool; however, further research is required to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices and elevation gradient on soil microarthropods density, diversity and species composition for the sustainable management of agro ecosystems.

Analysis of the Declining of Open Field System in the Medieval England from the Perspective of Institutional Transition

Open field system is the most important land farming system in the middle part of the Medieval England. It has the property of private property and common property right and exited for very long time. This article analyzed how the open field system was replaced by the enclosure system from the perspective of institutional t transition. By carrying on the detailed investigation, it can provide certain enlightenments and references to deepen rural reform, especially promoting the reasonable transfer of rural land use rights in China.

Discussion on Cultivating the Idea of the Western Rural Market Economy

Along with the deepening of the economic system reform, the quickening of our country＇s steps joining WTO, and the enlarging of the discrepancies among different regions, how to promptly change the sense of the western rural areas to resolve the ＂the three problems connected with agriculture, peasants, and countryside＂ and utilize the market economy regulation and taking market as the direction has become the initial problem of the economic development in western countryside in order to push the smooth implement of the western development. This thesis starts with the essence, function, and other influential factors of this idea, systematically elaborates the current idea characteristics of each stratum in western countryside, discovers the reason that the sense of western rural areas falls behind the times, and definitely puts forward with new idea characteristics which is suitable for the economic development of the western rural areas, and also offer some policy suggestions on how to realize this change of the sense in western rural areas.

农地家庭承包经营与农地家庭经营——兼论农地经营“去家庭化”

家庭承包经营是我国农村基本经营制度的基础,随着农地承包经营权与实际经营权分离,农地经营开始出现"去家庭化"问题。本文利用制度经济学理论和方法对农地家庭承包经营进行了分析,指出农地家庭经营是一种农地使用制,认为农地家庭经营要坚持组织标准和产权权利标准,即家庭是农地的经营组织形式,家庭拥有农地的占有权、控制权和剩余索取权,其中,控制权行使程度不同是农地家庭经营形式多样化的原因。在此基础上,本文对当前农地经营中存在的"去家庭化"现象进行了分析,认为农业家庭经营首先要坚持农地家庭经营,要坚持农村基本经营制度,建立农地使用管理制度,完善农业支持政策。

Persistence and Change in the Rural Land System of Contemporary China

Contemporary China’s rural land institutions have gone through land reform,the cooperative movement,the People’s Commune movement and the household responsibility system.Their persistence and change can be explained through a“stickiness generation-stickiness dilution”analytical framework:institutional environment and path dependence constitute the generative inducement of institutional stickiness,and have an important role in the continuity of the rural land system;the penetration of informal institutions is a crucial variable in diluting institutional stickiness,with the interaction between informal and formal institutions running throughout the entire course of institutional change.Changes in mental concepts and ideology are important influences that strengthen,break down or build formal institutions.