日本北海道的奶牛业

北海道位于日本的最北端,四周环海,土地面积为8.36万平方公里,占日本全国的22.1％,耕地面积为119.1万公顷,占全国的22.2％,平均每家农户拥有的耕地面积为11.05公顷,为日本全国平均数的10倍。人口总数为567.9万,其中农家人口46.4万。北海道农业就业人口虽然只有24.5万人,但农业在北海道经济中占有重要的地位。奶牛业与水稻、旱田作物并重,是北海道农业的3大支柱之一。畜牧业占农业总产值的45％,而奶牛业占畜牧业总产值的66％。

Rural-urban Migration, Rural Household Income and Local Geographical Contexts——A Case of Northwestern Guangxi, China

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.

Measuring Labor＇s Share of Income in China： 1993-2008

Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the measurement problems of labor＇s share of income from the perspectives of definition and data and their influences on the accuracy of the measurement results. Then it sums up and appraises several adjustment methods for existing measurement problems. Finally, the author estimates the operating surplus of private, unincorporated enterprises （OSPUE） in China using data from Urban household survey （UHS）, Rural household survey （RHS） and population survey, and further makes a correction to labor＇s share of income in China from 1993 to 2008 with data from flow of funds accounts. Finally, the author conducted trend analysis and international comparisons using the results obtained from the first part of the paper.

Challenges and Opportunities of On-farm Tree Planting as an Alternative Wood Source on Mt. Marsabit, Northern Kenya： Towards Mitigating Climate Change

Constraints and probable pathway towards increasing tree density and diversity within farmlands as a means of reducing human dependency on Mt. Marsabit forest for wood are addressed. The forest provides a carbon sink to counteract the risks and hazards associated with climate change. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 205 respondents that were selected from a population of 3075 farming households using a systematic random sampling procedure. While majority of the farms （53%） had low tree density （1-10 trees）, only 8% of the farms had high density （≥ 20 trees）. About 50% and 15% farms had Grevelia robusta and Eucalyptus cammudelensis, which were grown for timber production, respectively. Broad leafed trees, like Croton megalocarpus and Moringa stenoptella had been established in 17% of the farmlands, respectively. With only 20% of the households having a fence around the crop fields, coupled by widely inter-household sharing of crop residues for grazing, tree browsing by livestock was a constraint to tree establishment. The challenges present an opportunity to establish governance structures and processes for communal responsibility and management of tree resources in the farms. A plausible approach entails the Adaptive Collaborative Management （ACM） as a process that facilitates to experiential learning and negotiation for probable actions and policies in management of natural resources.

China＇s Experience in Rural Poverty Reduction.Jobs from Industrialization and Urbanization to Increase Rural Household Income

This paper makes an appraisal of the successful experience of China, a country with the largest agricultural population in the world, in the reduction of rural poverty. We conclude that it is an indispensible strategy to give priority to the development of urban sectors to promote economic growth and reduce rural poverty, and that the development of low value-added agriculture yields few, if any, benefits in decreasing rural poverty. By first adopting urban-biased policies and promoting industrialization, China has created new sources of economic growth and urban employment opportunities to absorb the surplus rural workforce. Entering labor-intensive industrial sectors for higher incomes has thus become a critical avenue for the rural poor to benefit from economic growth and escape poverty.

现代化之后的东亚农业和农村社会——日本、韩国和我国台湾地区的案例及其历史意蕴

在中国近期的学术话语和公众的印象中,日本、韩国、我国台湾的农业和农村似乎都是中国大陆农业和农村的样板。这些话语和印象大致来自1990年代以来涉农官员和学者对日本的农协、我国台湾的农会、韩国的'新村建设'运动进行考察后发表的众多见闻录式的报告。

The poverty dynamics in rural China during 2000–2014: A multi-scale analysis based on the poverty gap index

As the largest developing country in the world, China's rural areas face many poverty-related issues. It is imperative to assess poverty dynamics in a timely and effective manner in China's rural areas. Therefore, we used the poverty gap index to investigate the poverty dynamics in China's rural areas during 2000–2014 at the national, contiguous poor areas with particular difficulties and county scales. We found that China made significant achievements in poverty alleviation during 2000–2014. At the national scale, the number of impoverished counties decreased by 1428, a reduction of 97.28%. The rural population in impoverished counties decreased by 493.94 million people or 98.76%. Poverty alleviation was closely associated with economic development, especially with industrial development. Among all 15 socioeconomic indicators, the industrial added value had the highest correlation coefficient with the poverty gap index(r = –0.458, p<0.01). Meanwhile, the inequality of income distribution in the out-of-poverty counties has been aggravated. The urban-rural income gap among the out-of-poverty counties increased by 1.67-fold, and the coefficient of variation in rural per-capita income among the out-of-poverty counties also increased by 9.09%. Thus, we argued that special attention should be paid to reducing income inequality for sustainable development in China's rural areas.

Epidemiologic pattern of paediatric supracondylar fractures of humerus in a teaching hospital of rural India： A prospective study of 263 cases

Purpose： This prospective study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic parameters of supracondylar humeral fractures in children admitted to a teaching institution of a developing country primarily catering to rural population, to find any preventable cause of such injuries. Methods： All suspected cases of supracondylar humeral fracture reporting to emergency or outpatients department were analysed for various epidemiologic parameters including age, sex, laterality, time of presentation, associated injuries, neurovascular complications and classification over a period of four years. Results： We analysed a total of 263 patients and most of the fractures were seen in 5-8-year age group with a mean of 7.9 years. A total of 157 cases were males and non-dominant extremity was involved in 65% of fractures in our series. Fall on outstretched hand was the predominant cause of injury and fall from rooftop was the predominant mode. In all patients, 36.12% reported to our hospital 1 week after injury, 39.92% presented to hospital within 48 h after trauma and the remaining 23.95% presented 48 h to 1 week after trauma. None had a bilateral injury. Gartland type 3 fractures constituted 54.37% of patients, followed by type 1 （23.95%） and type 2 （21.67%）. Conclusion： Almost one fourth of supracondylar humeral fractures in children can be prevented by installing railing of rooftops and stairs. It is necessary to educate people on hazards of treatment by traditional bonesetters. Moreover, the children with supracondylar humeral fractures should be screened for associated injuries.