The current rural community self-organizing of China is closely related with the rural social stability as well as economic and social development. However, the current rural community self-organizing construction fal...The current rural community self-organizing of China is closely related with the rural social stability as well as economic and social development. However, the current rural community self-organizing construction falls far behind the requirements of realistic practice all over China, which greatly affects the advancement of the rural modernization of China. On the other hand, social work provides a unique perspective and method to deal with these problems. Its service philosophy of selfservice as well as its humanitarian value and practical working methods provide reality conformity for the intervention into rural community self-organizing, making it conductive to improving the social relations between rural community residents and possible to realize the mutual development of rural community and rural community residents.展开更多
Energy and environmental sustainability are important considerations for increased rice production. This study examined the energy utilization and sustainability of rice processing in sub-Saharan Africa. The community...Energy and environmental sustainability are important considerations for increased rice production. This study examined the energy utilization and sustainability of rice processing in sub-Saharan Africa. The community of Gadan Loko village in the song local government of Adamawa State, Nigeria was selected as the focus of study. Rice parboiling, the most energy intensive process in rice processing is carried out usually by women in small quantities of about 13.2 kg using traditional pots on tripod support stoves. The parboiled rice is sun dried on mats before it is taken to the milling stalls where it is milled using milling machines driven by single cylinder diesel engines. There were large variations in the quality of milled rice due to lack of consistency in processing parameters. Accumulation of rice husk in the community created important environmental issues. In this study, methods of improving sustainability of rice processing were investigated. The areas included: the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for improved drying and efficient pre-soaking; the utilization of solar energy for pre-soaking; the utilization of rice husks as alternative fuel to firewood; and the optimization and redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels to minimize heat loss to the environment. The results showed that the utilization of rice husk as alternative fuel and the redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels will increase the sustainability of rice processing and can be easily adopted by the community. While solar energy pre-soaking was not economical and the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for drying and pre-soaking would be difficult to implement at the rural scale, because most of the parboiling is done far away from the milling stalls. The study showed that research, development of appropriate technology, and education (RATE) of the rural community is an important way of increasing sustainability.展开更多
Since the reform and opening up, many problems has exposed in the spiritual and cultural fields of China's rural economic, especially in terms of ideological and political work in rural areas lagged behind the overal...Since the reform and opening up, many problems has exposed in the spiritual and cultural fields of China's rural economic, especially in terms of ideological and political work in rural areas lagged behind the overall level of economic development. Based on the current situation through the development of a new stage of socialist ideological and political education in rural areas in-depth analysis on how effficient, this article targeted to carry out ideological and political education in rural areas put forward suggestions.展开更多
The main subject of the report consists in showing positive course of Russian agriculture over the last years-entering the global market. That's why it is essential to make following steps to support manufactures aim...The main subject of the report consists in showing positive course of Russian agriculture over the last years-entering the global market. That's why it is essential to make following steps to support manufactures aiming them more actively at export: to develop export operations; to develop actively agro-industrial complex perspectives for entering the WTO; to ensure the food safety of agro-industrial complex while exporting the products; in the context of globalization Russian regions are entering more actively the global market as the relatively independent subjects of international economical relationships. The food safety of Russia-such condition of the state economy, when food independence of the country is provided, provision; physical and economic utility of food products is guaranteed by the state and corresponds to requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in safety and quality. Participation in the WTO gives to the country set of advantages in the decision food independence. In the world, the country and in region management of efficiency agriculture with a view of advancement to food safety, should be coordinated necessarily with food independence. State support of the Russian agro-industrial complex on the federal and regional levels when entering into the world market-is a factor of the formation of a new geopolitical status of Russia in the world arena, it is the new selection mechanism of the development of globalization processes in favor of the active participation of the agro-industrial complex of Russia in the world economy.展开更多
The deteriorating water quality in the Taihu Lake Basin has attracted widespread attention for many years, and is correlated with a sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizer...The deteriorating water quality in the Taihu Lake Basin has attracted widespread attention for many years, and is correlated with a sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers and industrial wastewater. In this study, several factors were selected for evaluating and regionalizing the water environmental capacity by ArcG1S spatial analysis, including geomor- phologic characteristics, water quality goals, water body accessibility, water-dilution channels, and current water quality. Then, the spa- tial optimization of agriculture and industry was adjusted through overlay analysis, based on the balance between industrial space and water environmental capacity. The results show that the water environmental capacity gradually decreases from the west to the east, in contrast, the pollution caused by industrial and agricultural clustering is distributes along Taihu Lake, Gehu Lake and urban districts. The analysis of the agricultural space focuses on optimizing key protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and the shores of Gehu Lake, optimally adjusting the second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the urban areas of Changzhou and Wuxi cities. The analysis of industrial space focuses on optimizing the downtowns of Changzhou and Wuxi cities, optimally adjusting key protected areas and second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the south and southwest of Gehu Lake. Lastly, some schemes of industrial and agricultural layouts and policies for the direction of industrial and agricultural development were proposed, reflecting a correlation between industry and agriculture and the water environment.展开更多
The segmentation of the social protection system in China renders the system not only inequitable but inefficient.Those employed in the public sector,particularly civil servants,are"overprotected",while workers in t...The segmentation of the social protection system in China renders the system not only inequitable but inefficient.Those employed in the public sector,particularly civil servants,are"overprotected",while workers in the non-public sector,especially farmers and rural migrant workers,are"under-protected".The segmented pension system impedes labor mobility while increasing administrative costs.Policies aimed at developing the new rural cooperative medical system and new rural old-age insurance scheme,as well as policies aimed at encouraging migrant workers to participate in urban social insurance programs,help improve the equity of social protection.Howere,competition between different local governments to win the "welfae crown" and the heavy brden placed on local finance caused by welface overspending has been hurting the sustainability of social protection programs.The following measures are suggested to address these problems;First,cease using social insurance coverage as an indicator of work performance for government officials;second,enhance the responsibility of the central government in social expenditure while increasing public transfers to less-developed regions in order to improve social assistance and merit goods provision;third,integrate or reorganized various sgements into one entity under each insurance program,with the purpose of eventually eliminating the segmentation problem in China's social protection system.展开更多
UMhlathuze River is the main recipient of domestic sewage, industrial as well as agricultural waste from local industrial and agricultural practices. It is the effluent "dumping sites" for most human activity practi...UMhlathuze River is the main recipient of domestic sewage, industrial as well as agricultural waste from local industrial and agricultural practices. It is the effluent "dumping sites" for most human activity practices. Contamination of UMhlathuze River by agricultural and industrial developments makes communities around UMhlathuze area susceptible to potential outbreaks of water-borne illnesses as well as the risk of ingesting carcinogenic substances. In establishment of the effect of human developments on the UMhlathuze River, four different sites representing different human activities were used for sampling along the river. Temperature and pH were monitored in siitu and were found to vary between 19-21℃and 6.2-7.8, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was found to be higher in areas affected by both industrial and agricultural activities. Spectroquadrant Pharo 300 (Merck) was used for chemical analysis of water. Agricultural waste recipient area had high concentration of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. Parts of the river receiving effluent from treated wastewater had high sulphide, nitrate and ammonia concentrations. Industrial areas had high concentration of heavy metals (e.g., aluminium). Microorganisms found in all sites included Escherichia coli and species of Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Serratia and Enterobacter, although their quantities differed from agricultural to industrial sites. There was a positive correlation between contamination levels and human activities which ascribe river pollution to activities around the area. Agricultural and industrial development activities practiced around UMhlathuze River have a huge contribution to the continued deterioration of the quality of water at UMhlathuze River.展开更多
Jingdezhen, known as the "porcelain capital," it is said that the Millennium kiln fire is constant here, its porcelain, with " white as jade, bright as a mirror, as thin as paper, such as chime sound " style, reno...Jingdezhen, known as the "porcelain capital," it is said that the Millennium kiln fire is constant here, its porcelain, with " white as jade, bright as a mirror, as thin as paper, such as chime sound " style, renowned at home and abroad. Area of Jingdezhen handmade porcelain craft is mainly Jingdezhen urban and rural areas. "State the number of Chinese porcelain, Porcelain peak is this all." Over more than a thousand year, Jingdezhen system culminates best collection of industry of ancient Ming Yao, forming a unique handmade porcelain craft production system, creating the most brilliant piece of Chinese ceramic history. Their high achievements, impact, the craft, the varieties, which any other kilns at any time are difficult to match.展开更多
ANFUSI Town in Yichang City,northwest of Zhijiang City,is a national demonstration town of urbanization and rural development in Hubei and site of a large industrial park.The reporter went there to see the work in pro...ANFUSI Town in Yichang City,northwest of Zhijiang City,is a national demonstration town of urbanization and rural development in Hubei and site of a large industrial park.The reporter went there to see the work in progress on building a 4,000-square-meter smart greenhouse with a bucolic landscape and an aquatic product factory equipped to produce surimi.In 2000,there were just a few small local businesses in Anfusi.展开更多
This paper investigates the structural changes of China's rural surplus labor over time. According to our estimates, the number of agricultural surplus workers declined sharply by more than 90% between 2002 and 2010....This paper investigates the structural changes of China's rural surplus labor over time. According to our estimates, the number of agricultural surplus workers declined sharply by more than 90% between 2002 and 2010. During this period, explicit unemployment in rural areas increased by 70% to become the main form of surplus labor. Among rural surplus workers, the proportions of workers aged 40 and above, workers with primapy and lower education levels and female workers show a clear upward trend, reaching 72.3%, 48.11% and 56.99% respectively in 2010. These changes can explain the apparent paradox of concurrent surplus labor, rising wages and migrant worker shortage. These structural changes in the labor surplus makeup indicate that the Lewis Turning Point (L TP) has arrived.展开更多
In this paper, we conduct research on the development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers from the perspectives of health and life stress. According to the theory of modern sociological about community,...In this paper, we conduct research on the development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers from the perspectives of health and life stress. According to the theory of modern sociological about community, the migrant worker and city people’s relations belongs to typical in community’s relations with the outside community, among them not only isolates and repels psychologically mutually, but also has the direct conflicts of interest. This not only causes the migrant worker to suffer the prejudice and discrimination of city people, is hard to be a part of the city life, but also causes repellency urban institutional arrangements to disintegrate to a certain extent difficultly while the migrant worker is hard to enter in the urban system. Under this basis, this paper proposes the health and life stress assisted development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers basic research, the idea is new and innovative, in the later time we will apply it more.展开更多
The UNEXPO (National Experimental Polytechnic University) system is a public institution dedicated to teaching and researching in engineering area. It was formed to bring together three main institutes located in Ve...The UNEXPO (National Experimental Polytechnic University) system is a public institution dedicated to teaching and researching in engineering area. It was formed to bring together three main institutes located in Venezuelan cities and three more institutes located in rural areas, so that to collectively and collaboratively serve the regions in optimal ways. The academic activity started in 1982 graduating engineers and technicians, although less effort has shown by authorities to develop programs in graduate engineering areas. A proposal for designing a structured graduate program is presented. The structured program presented, will hopefully set the basis to develop graduate and doctoral studies in engineering and related areas to the whole university system, and to achieve academic and social development to the country.展开更多
This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families'urban and rural consumption. The results show that the struc...This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families'urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families' consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families'consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.展开更多
文摘The current rural community self-organizing of China is closely related with the rural social stability as well as economic and social development. However, the current rural community self-organizing construction falls far behind the requirements of realistic practice all over China, which greatly affects the advancement of the rural modernization of China. On the other hand, social work provides a unique perspective and method to deal with these problems. Its service philosophy of selfservice as well as its humanitarian value and practical working methods provide reality conformity for the intervention into rural community self-organizing, making it conductive to improving the social relations between rural community residents and possible to realize the mutual development of rural community and rural community residents.
文摘Energy and environmental sustainability are important considerations for increased rice production. This study examined the energy utilization and sustainability of rice processing in sub-Saharan Africa. The community of Gadan Loko village in the song local government of Adamawa State, Nigeria was selected as the focus of study. Rice parboiling, the most energy intensive process in rice processing is carried out usually by women in small quantities of about 13.2 kg using traditional pots on tripod support stoves. The parboiled rice is sun dried on mats before it is taken to the milling stalls where it is milled using milling machines driven by single cylinder diesel engines. There were large variations in the quality of milled rice due to lack of consistency in processing parameters. Accumulation of rice husk in the community created important environmental issues. In this study, methods of improving sustainability of rice processing were investigated. The areas included: the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for improved drying and efficient pre-soaking; the utilization of solar energy for pre-soaking; the utilization of rice husks as alternative fuel to firewood; and the optimization and redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels to minimize heat loss to the environment. The results showed that the utilization of rice husk as alternative fuel and the redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels will increase the sustainability of rice processing and can be easily adopted by the community. While solar energy pre-soaking was not economical and the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for drying and pre-soaking would be difficult to implement at the rural scale, because most of the parboiling is done far away from the milling stalls. The study showed that research, development of appropriate technology, and education (RATE) of the rural community is an important way of increasing sustainability.
文摘Since the reform and opening up, many problems has exposed in the spiritual and cultural fields of China's rural economic, especially in terms of ideological and political work in rural areas lagged behind the overall level of economic development. Based on the current situation through the development of a new stage of socialist ideological and political education in rural areas in-depth analysis on how effficient, this article targeted to carry out ideological and political education in rural areas put forward suggestions.
文摘The main subject of the report consists in showing positive course of Russian agriculture over the last years-entering the global market. That's why it is essential to make following steps to support manufactures aiming them more actively at export: to develop export operations; to develop actively agro-industrial complex perspectives for entering the WTO; to ensure the food safety of agro-industrial complex while exporting the products; in the context of globalization Russian regions are entering more actively the global market as the relatively independent subjects of international economical relationships. The food safety of Russia-such condition of the state economy, when food independence of the country is provided, provision; physical and economic utility of food products is guaranteed by the state and corresponds to requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in safety and quality. Participation in the WTO gives to the country set of advantages in the decision food independence. In the world, the country and in region management of efficiency agriculture with a view of advancement to food safety, should be coordinated necessarily with food independence. State support of the Russian agro-industrial complex on the federal and regional levels when entering into the world market-is a factor of the formation of a new geopolitical status of Russia in the world arena, it is the new selection mechanism of the development of globalization processes in favor of the active participation of the agro-industrial complex of Russia in the world economy.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41130750,70703033)'135' Strategic Development Planning Project of Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2012135006)
文摘The deteriorating water quality in the Taihu Lake Basin has attracted widespread attention for many years, and is correlated with a sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers and industrial wastewater. In this study, several factors were selected for evaluating and regionalizing the water environmental capacity by ArcG1S spatial analysis, including geomor- phologic characteristics, water quality goals, water body accessibility, water-dilution channels, and current water quality. Then, the spa- tial optimization of agriculture and industry was adjusted through overlay analysis, based on the balance between industrial space and water environmental capacity. The results show that the water environmental capacity gradually decreases from the west to the east, in contrast, the pollution caused by industrial and agricultural clustering is distributes along Taihu Lake, Gehu Lake and urban districts. The analysis of the agricultural space focuses on optimizing key protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and the shores of Gehu Lake, optimally adjusting the second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the urban areas of Changzhou and Wuxi cities. The analysis of industrial space focuses on optimizing the downtowns of Changzhou and Wuxi cities, optimally adjusting key protected areas and second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the south and southwest of Gehu Lake. Lastly, some schemes of industrial and agricultural layouts and policies for the direction of industrial and agricultural development were proposed, reflecting a correlation between industry and agriculture and the water environment.
文摘The segmentation of the social protection system in China renders the system not only inequitable but inefficient.Those employed in the public sector,particularly civil servants,are"overprotected",while workers in the non-public sector,especially farmers and rural migrant workers,are"under-protected".The segmented pension system impedes labor mobility while increasing administrative costs.Policies aimed at developing the new rural cooperative medical system and new rural old-age insurance scheme,as well as policies aimed at encouraging migrant workers to participate in urban social insurance programs,help improve the equity of social protection.Howere,competition between different local governments to win the "welfae crown" and the heavy brden placed on local finance caused by welface overspending has been hurting the sustainability of social protection programs.The following measures are suggested to address these problems;First,cease using social insurance coverage as an indicator of work performance for government officials;second,enhance the responsibility of the central government in social expenditure while increasing public transfers to less-developed regions in order to improve social assistance and merit goods provision;third,integrate or reorganized various sgements into one entity under each insurance program,with the purpose of eventually eliminating the segmentation problem in China's social protection system.
文摘UMhlathuze River is the main recipient of domestic sewage, industrial as well as agricultural waste from local industrial and agricultural practices. It is the effluent "dumping sites" for most human activity practices. Contamination of UMhlathuze River by agricultural and industrial developments makes communities around UMhlathuze area susceptible to potential outbreaks of water-borne illnesses as well as the risk of ingesting carcinogenic substances. In establishment of the effect of human developments on the UMhlathuze River, four different sites representing different human activities were used for sampling along the river. Temperature and pH were monitored in siitu and were found to vary between 19-21℃and 6.2-7.8, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was found to be higher in areas affected by both industrial and agricultural activities. Spectroquadrant Pharo 300 (Merck) was used for chemical analysis of water. Agricultural waste recipient area had high concentration of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. Parts of the river receiving effluent from treated wastewater had high sulphide, nitrate and ammonia concentrations. Industrial areas had high concentration of heavy metals (e.g., aluminium). Microorganisms found in all sites included Escherichia coli and species of Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Serratia and Enterobacter, although their quantities differed from agricultural to industrial sites. There was a positive correlation between contamination levels and human activities which ascribe river pollution to activities around the area. Agricultural and industrial development activities practiced around UMhlathuze River have a huge contribution to the continued deterioration of the quality of water at UMhlathuze River.
文摘Jingdezhen, known as the "porcelain capital," it is said that the Millennium kiln fire is constant here, its porcelain, with " white as jade, bright as a mirror, as thin as paper, such as chime sound " style, renowned at home and abroad. Area of Jingdezhen handmade porcelain craft is mainly Jingdezhen urban and rural areas. "State the number of Chinese porcelain, Porcelain peak is this all." Over more than a thousand year, Jingdezhen system culminates best collection of industry of ancient Ming Yao, forming a unique handmade porcelain craft production system, creating the most brilliant piece of Chinese ceramic history. Their high achievements, impact, the craft, the varieties, which any other kilns at any time are difficult to match.
文摘ANFUSI Town in Yichang City,northwest of Zhijiang City,is a national demonstration town of urbanization and rural development in Hubei and site of a large industrial park.The reporter went there to see the work in progress on building a 4,000-square-meter smart greenhouse with a bucolic landscape and an aquatic product factory equipped to produce surimi.In 2000,there were just a few small local businesses in Anfusi.
基金the funding of the Study of the Empirical Facts,Formation Mechanism and Coping Strategies of"Middle-Income Trap"of the National Social Science Fund
文摘This paper investigates the structural changes of China's rural surplus labor over time. According to our estimates, the number of agricultural surplus workers declined sharply by more than 90% between 2002 and 2010. During this period, explicit unemployment in rural areas increased by 70% to become the main form of surplus labor. Among rural surplus workers, the proportions of workers aged 40 and above, workers with primapy and lower education levels and female workers show a clear upward trend, reaching 72.3%, 48.11% and 56.99% respectively in 2010. These changes can explain the apparent paradox of concurrent surplus labor, rising wages and migrant worker shortage. These structural changes in the labor surplus makeup indicate that the Lewis Turning Point (L TP) has arrived.
文摘In this paper, we conduct research on the development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers from the perspectives of health and life stress. According to the theory of modern sociological about community, the migrant worker and city people’s relations belongs to typical in community’s relations with the outside community, among them not only isolates and repels psychologically mutually, but also has the direct conflicts of interest. This not only causes the migrant worker to suffer the prejudice and discrimination of city people, is hard to be a part of the city life, but also causes repellency urban institutional arrangements to disintegrate to a certain extent difficultly while the migrant worker is hard to enter in the urban system. Under this basis, this paper proposes the health and life stress assisted development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers basic research, the idea is new and innovative, in the later time we will apply it more.
文摘The UNEXPO (National Experimental Polytechnic University) system is a public institution dedicated to teaching and researching in engineering area. It was formed to bring together three main institutes located in Venezuelan cities and three more institutes located in rural areas, so that to collectively and collaboratively serve the regions in optimal ways. The academic activity started in 1982 graduating engineers and technicians, although less effort has shown by authorities to develop programs in graduate engineering areas. A proposal for designing a structured graduate program is presented. The structured program presented, will hopefully set the basis to develop graduate and doctoral studies in engineering and related areas to the whole university system, and to achieve academic and social development to the country.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial assistance of the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41371166).
文摘This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families'urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families' consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families'consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.