This paper provided a reviewed case of implementation of rural development project in relation to poverty alleviation in Adamawa State of Nigeria. Inco-prorating the community based management project in rural develop...This paper provided a reviewed case of implementation of rural development project in relation to poverty alleviation in Adamawa State of Nigeria. Inco-prorating the community based management project in rural development strategies seems to be the best approach to implement rural development project. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research techniques to obtain data on the implementation of LEEMP （local empowerment and environmental management project）. The result shows that the project has impacted positively to rural development of some rural communities in the state. However, there were challenges discovered, which include non-inclusion of some stake holders because of social class or due to political affiliations, while projects are not evenly distributed among communities of serious needs. This paper implies that effective incorporation of rural communities in the managements of rural development projects requires full community participation in the development process. This requires collective action, which ties the community on values, sustainable maintenance of infrastructures, and improvements, in cultures, of environmental conservation and economics benefits into rural development, with balancing the aim of sustaining social infrastructures, environmental management and poverty alleviation.展开更多
This paper discusses transformative learning in relation to environmental crisis in rural communities in Guanajuato （Mexico）. Environmental pollution and resource depletion have triggered reflection and perspective ...This paper discusses transformative learning in relation to environmental crisis in rural communities in Guanajuato （Mexico）. Environmental pollution and resource depletion have triggered reflection and perspective transformation across groups of rural communities. The study is qualitative and results are based on lengthy interviews, within a well-known context for the researcher. This article is the reflection on how transformative learning took place looking fol; lessons to be learnt for communities facing environmental challenges.展开更多
Based on some former studies of Chinese rural society, this paper summerizes the achievements and limitations of general Chinese rural studies and then proposes a social operation model in rural areas which is dominat...Based on some former studies of Chinese rural society, this paper summerizes the achievements and limitations of general Chinese rural studies and then proposes a social operation model in rural areas which is dominated by the squires. It uses some specific historical data and discoveries of feild sduty to further examine the profound influence of the squires on rural politcal construction in three different aspects： the model of clan and religion, the role as inter-mediator and the growth of basic armed forces. The study found that this special social group played a center role in Chinese rural political system from ancient to modem times, particularly, the research considers the decline of the squire society since the establishment of the new government in 1949. In the end, this paper points out the cultural guiding significance of this social model in the study to the rural construction in contemporay China by predicting the possiblity of renaissance展开更多
Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, c...Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, creating a unique, novel pattern of village governance in China. This pattern has far-reaching implications for the use of power in China＇s villages and for the management of grassroots communities. First, it represents democracy-based authoritarian politics （democracy-authority politics） and a transition away from traditional rural village ＂squireship＂ governance. Second, governance by economic capable persons surpasses the unitary, centralized People＇s Commune governance, replacing it with a pluralistic model that utilizes grass-roots community management. Third, the self-governing pattern that is emerging, wherein the general public participates in a government that is dominated by an economic capable persons, demonstrates a modification of ideal villager self-governance and also a pragmatic invention based on local political realities. In the long run, this new class emergence has the potential to evolve into a new type of localized politics; with further economic differentiation in rural areas, village governance will become increasingly diversified, where governing by capable persons will be just one feasible option. This pattern is already becoming common in many rural areas, especially those where the nonagricultural economy is relatively developed展开更多
Combining with the third plenary session of the 17th ＂the central committee of the communist party of China on promoting rural reform and development of certain major issue decision＂ and the eighteenth big clear adh...Combining with the third plenary session of the 17th ＂the central committee of the communist party of China on promoting rural reform and development of certain major issue decision＂ and the eighteenth big clear adherence to and improve the basic rural operation system and to protect farmer＇ s right to the contracted management of land, the land and collective income distribution, the resolution of collective economic power, this paper discusses the main content of deepening reform of China＇ s basic rural operation system. It elaborates we must adhere to stabilize and improve the rural basic management systems, give farmers more fully right to protect the land, develop rural land contract management rights transfer, and promote agricultural innovation and industrial organization.展开更多
The construction of a new socialist countryside is a strategic focus of future economic and social development of our country, including the construction of rural power grids under the new urbanization and development...The construction of a new socialist countryside is a strategic focus of future economic and social development of our country, including the construction of rural power grids under the new urbanization and development, it has played a crucial role in supporting and promoting. Due to historical reasons, China has not yet formed a sound and sustainable development of rural power system and management system. In order to meet the requirements under the new urbanization of rural construction, we provide a solid foundation for the development of new rural construction, and long-term development of rural electricity has become an urgent need to study the issue. At present, the reform in the field of rural electrification, rural power enterprise management, rural power system and other existing research we have conducted a preliminary study, but overall, the research in this area is still in the exploratory stage, we need a more systematic and in-depth research and discussion.展开更多
Sources of tradition that produce a lasting influence upon modern society are fundamental to that society＇s development. Among Eastern sources of tradition, the village systems of Russia and India are very unlike the...Sources of tradition that produce a lasting influence upon modern society are fundamental to that society＇s development. Among Eastern sources of tradition, the village systems of Russia and India are very unlike the Chinese household system, a system that served as the foundation for China＇s unique path of rural development. This system includes the following features： the organization of agricultural operations on the basis of household operations; an economy where agriculture, industry and commerce complement each other on the basis of their integration at the household level; forms of agricultural cooperation based on mutual assistance and cooperation among households; and a system of rural governance based on the joint governance by household and state. In China＇s rural development process, the household system, though at one time discarded, still constitutes the institutional backdrop for current and future rural development.展开更多
Grand Pré,Nova Scotia,an outstanding example of a traditional land-use that is representative of human interaction with a distinctive environment,has been presented for UNESCO World Heritage Site （WHS） designat...Grand Pré,Nova Scotia,an outstanding example of a traditional land-use that is representative of human interaction with a distinctive environment,has been presented for UNESCO World Heritage Site （WHS） designation.One of Canada＇s most fertile agricultural landscapes,it is also an iconic memorial site for a people who overcame a tragedy of forced migration-the Acadian Deportation-in 1755,which has since become the lure for significant numbers of tourists to the region.Now facing a double threat of agriculture change and tourism decline,Grand Pré has high expectations from its recent WHS designation （2012） and the perceived tourism that it will bring.This concept paper discusses Grand Pré as a globally important agriculture heritage system and,in light of previous research,questions its expectations of WHS designation as a conduit for future economic viability and sustainability in the region.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to examine the stock of social capital in rural China and explore the different impacts of two types of social capital upon the economic development performance of rural China. This empi...The purpose of this article is to examine the stock of social capital in rural China and explore the different impacts of two types of social capital upon the economic development performance of rural China. This empirical study of social capital is based on an original survey of 410 villages throughout China. The findings indicate that bonding social capital still has a very solid foundation in rural areas of China. Bridging social capital is in formation in Chinese villages, even though the stock of bridging social capital is currently very moderate. Moreover, this study finds that bridging social capital, as manifested in general trust and inclusive social networks, positively affected villages＇ development performance. However, bonding social capital, as manifested in particular trust and exclusive social networks, tends to negatively impact villages＇ development performance. These findings help to shed some light on the distribution of two types of social capital-bridging and bonding-in rural China and their impact on the socioeconomic development of rural areas. Given the scarcity of representative survey studies of this sort, the findings from this study are especially valuable for establishing some conceptual and empirical baselines for subsequent studies of social capital in rural China.展开更多
This article analyzes the impact of urbanization on village democracy in China. The ＂economic absorption and social exclusion＂ of semiurbanization path has attracted rural residents to cities. These people participa...This article analyzes the impact of urbanization on village democracy in China. The ＂economic absorption and social exclusion＂ of semiurbanization path has attracted rural residents to cities. These people participate in the urban economy just as a factor of production （labor） without enjoying the rights that urban citizens（xfiUagers） have. This urbanization path and population mobility has had a profound influence on rural democracy in China. On the one hand, large numbers of young people have left; the traditional villages in central and western China, which are characterized by population output（ many even move with their entire families）, causing the villages to lose their political elite while the interaction chain between villagers has been shortened and social trust in the villages has been weakened, thereby giving rise to a low quality of rural democracy. On the other hand, large numbers of migrant workers have flocked into the urbanized villages in eastern China, which are characterized by population input, and these people far outnumber local residents. Migrant workers are excluded from rural democracy and the governance structure. This local citizenship based on the household registration system restricts the inclusiveness of village democracy.展开更多
文摘This paper provided a reviewed case of implementation of rural development project in relation to poverty alleviation in Adamawa State of Nigeria. Inco-prorating the community based management project in rural development strategies seems to be the best approach to implement rural development project. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research techniques to obtain data on the implementation of LEEMP （local empowerment and environmental management project）. The result shows that the project has impacted positively to rural development of some rural communities in the state. However, there were challenges discovered, which include non-inclusion of some stake holders because of social class or due to political affiliations, while projects are not evenly distributed among communities of serious needs. This paper implies that effective incorporation of rural communities in the managements of rural development projects requires full community participation in the development process. This requires collective action, which ties the community on values, sustainable maintenance of infrastructures, and improvements, in cultures, of environmental conservation and economics benefits into rural development, with balancing the aim of sustaining social infrastructures, environmental management and poverty alleviation.
文摘This paper discusses transformative learning in relation to environmental crisis in rural communities in Guanajuato （Mexico）. Environmental pollution and resource depletion have triggered reflection and perspective transformation across groups of rural communities. The study is qualitative and results are based on lengthy interviews, within a well-known context for the researcher. This article is the reflection on how transformative learning took place looking fol; lessons to be learnt for communities facing environmental challenges.
文摘Based on some former studies of Chinese rural society, this paper summerizes the achievements and limitations of general Chinese rural studies and then proposes a social operation model in rural areas which is dominated by the squires. It uses some specific historical data and discoveries of feild sduty to further examine the profound influence of the squires on rural politcal construction in three different aspects： the model of clan and religion, the role as inter-mediator and the growth of basic armed forces. The study found that this special social group played a center role in Chinese rural political system from ancient to modem times, particularly, the research considers the decline of the squire society since the establishment of the new government in 1949. In the end, this paper points out the cultural guiding significance of this social model in the study to the rural construction in contemporay China by predicting the possiblity of renaissance
文摘Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, creating a unique, novel pattern of village governance in China. This pattern has far-reaching implications for the use of power in China＇s villages and for the management of grassroots communities. First, it represents democracy-based authoritarian politics （democracy-authority politics） and a transition away from traditional rural village ＂squireship＂ governance. Second, governance by economic capable persons surpasses the unitary, centralized People＇s Commune governance, replacing it with a pluralistic model that utilizes grass-roots community management. Third, the self-governing pattern that is emerging, wherein the general public participates in a government that is dominated by an economic capable persons, demonstrates a modification of ideal villager self-governance and also a pragmatic invention based on local political realities. In the long run, this new class emergence has the potential to evolve into a new type of localized politics; with further economic differentiation in rural areas, village governance will become increasingly diversified, where governing by capable persons will be just one feasible option. This pattern is already becoming common in many rural areas, especially those where the nonagricultural economy is relatively developed
文摘Combining with the third plenary session of the 17th ＂the central committee of the communist party of China on promoting rural reform and development of certain major issue decision＂ and the eighteenth big clear adherence to and improve the basic rural operation system and to protect farmer＇ s right to the contracted management of land, the land and collective income distribution, the resolution of collective economic power, this paper discusses the main content of deepening reform of China＇ s basic rural operation system. It elaborates we must adhere to stabilize and improve the rural basic management systems, give farmers more fully right to protect the land, develop rural land contract management rights transfer, and promote agricultural innovation and industrial organization.
文摘The construction of a new socialist countryside is a strategic focus of future economic and social development of our country, including the construction of rural power grids under the new urbanization and development, it has played a crucial role in supporting and promoting. Due to historical reasons, China has not yet formed a sound and sustainable development of rural power system and management system. In order to meet the requirements under the new urbanization of rural construction, we provide a solid foundation for the development of new rural construction, and long-term development of rural electricity has become an urgent need to study the issue. At present, the reform in the field of rural electrification, rural power enterprise management, rural power system and other existing research we have conducted a preliminary study, but overall, the research in this area is still in the exploratory stage, we need a more systematic and in-depth research and discussion.
文摘Sources of tradition that produce a lasting influence upon modern society are fundamental to that society＇s development. Among Eastern sources of tradition, the village systems of Russia and India are very unlike the Chinese household system, a system that served as the foundation for China＇s unique path of rural development. This system includes the following features： the organization of agricultural operations on the basis of household operations; an economy where agriculture, industry and commerce complement each other on the basis of their integration at the household level; forms of agricultural cooperation based on mutual assistance and cooperation among households; and a system of rural governance based on the joint governance by household and state. In China＇s rural development process, the household system, though at one time discarded, still constitutes the institutional backdrop for current and future rural development.
文摘Grand Pré,Nova Scotia,an outstanding example of a traditional land-use that is representative of human interaction with a distinctive environment,has been presented for UNESCO World Heritage Site （WHS） designation.One of Canada＇s most fertile agricultural landscapes,it is also an iconic memorial site for a people who overcame a tragedy of forced migration-the Acadian Deportation-in 1755,which has since become the lure for significant numbers of tourists to the region.Now facing a double threat of agriculture change and tourism decline,Grand Pré has high expectations from its recent WHS designation （2012） and the perceived tourism that it will bring.This concept paper discusses Grand Pré as a globally important agriculture heritage system and,in light of previous research,questions its expectations of WHS designation as a conduit for future economic viability and sustainability in the region.
文摘The purpose of this article is to examine the stock of social capital in rural China and explore the different impacts of two types of social capital upon the economic development performance of rural China. This empirical study of social capital is based on an original survey of 410 villages throughout China. The findings indicate that bonding social capital still has a very solid foundation in rural areas of China. Bridging social capital is in formation in Chinese villages, even though the stock of bridging social capital is currently very moderate. Moreover, this study finds that bridging social capital, as manifested in general trust and inclusive social networks, positively affected villages＇ development performance. However, bonding social capital, as manifested in particular trust and exclusive social networks, tends to negatively impact villages＇ development performance. These findings help to shed some light on the distribution of two types of social capital-bridging and bonding-in rural China and their impact on the socioeconomic development of rural areas. Given the scarcity of representative survey studies of this sort, the findings from this study are especially valuable for establishing some conceptual and empirical baselines for subsequent studies of social capital in rural China.
文摘This article analyzes the impact of urbanization on village democracy in China. The ＂economic absorption and social exclusion＂ of semiurbanization path has attracted rural residents to cities. These people participate in the urban economy just as a factor of production （labor） without enjoying the rights that urban citizens（xfiUagers） have. This urbanization path and population mobility has had a profound influence on rural democracy in China. On the one hand, large numbers of young people have left; the traditional villages in central and western China, which are characterized by population output（ many even move with their entire families）, causing the villages to lose their political elite while the interaction chain between villagers has been shortened and social trust in the villages has been weakened, thereby giving rise to a low quality of rural democracy. On the other hand, large numbers of migrant workers have flocked into the urbanized villages in eastern China, which are characterized by population input, and these people far outnumber local residents. Migrant workers are excluded from rural democracy and the governance structure. This local citizenship based on the household registration system restricts the inclusiveness of village democracy.
