论苏轼《浣溪沙》农村组词五首

苏轼任徐州知州期间作《浣溪沙》农村组词五首,以妙笔巧言描绘了乡村农家生趣盎然的生活百态。这组农村词以乡村生活入词,在词作中具有开拓意义,丰富了词的创作题材,增添了诗词作品的生命力和蓬勃生机。词中真实地记录了当时徐州地区农村的生活方式和乡土人情,带有鲜明的徐州地域色彩。

东坡农村组词《浣溪沙》五首简论

组词《浣溪沙》五首,堪称苏轼农村题材作品的翘楚。词作在对乡野景象、人物、风情的描绘中传达出词人关注民生、体察百姓疾苦的民本情怀,对富有生机的淳朴田园的喜爱及归隐意趣,曲折流露了宦途失意的愤懑。组词善用侧笔渲染,含蓄地呈现场景;以白描勾勒塑造生动的艺术形象;能综合调动感官表现奇妙的音响效果;用典自然贴切,增强了词作表情的功能;采用联章体式和词题,拓展了令词达意的空间。旨意高远,艺术独到,影响深远。

乡村振兴战略下农村集体经济组织成员权的优化路径——以特别法人制度的构建为切入点

自乡村振兴战略实施以来,为保障农民集体经济组织成员权,国家先后在立法、司法等层面采取了诸多措施,但成员的资格认定标准、成员权体系以及成员权救济途径仍存在问题。《民法典》的出台赋予了农村集体经济组织特别法人的地位,此举不仅为战略目标实现提供可行的组织保障,而且为现存的成员权纠纷提供解决途径。尽管如此,在理论和实践上,特别法人制度的构建仍存有不足与分歧,如何对其进行完善仍是一个亟待研究的重要问题。

297例乳母膳食对乳汁成分的影响

目的了解膳食成分与乳汁成分的相关性,了解不同的膳食结构对乳汁成分的影响。方法通过方便取样的方法在城区及农村选取研究对象共297例,分为城区组和农村组。在两组生长过程中从初乳到成熟乳共取乳汁7次(初乳、过渡乳、2月乳、4月乳、6月乳、8月乳、10月乳),应用膳食回顾法调查采集母乳前24h乳母膳食信息。使用数字化超声波精密测量技术检测乳汁中的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、能量、水分、密度,采用统计软件对结果进行分析,比较两组的乳汁成分、膳食成分及膳食结构,同时比较各个时期的乳汁与膳食的相关性。结果通过比较各期乳汁发现:初乳中蛋白质及乳糖含量农村组高于城区组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.77,P<0.05);过渡乳中脂肪含量城区组高于农村组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.64,P<0.05);成熟乳中蛋白质、脂肪及能量含量农村组高于城区组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.16、4.73、4.46,均P<0.05);晚期乳中脂肪及能量含量农村组高于城区组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为3.65、3.74,均P<0.05);城区组在初乳、过渡乳、2月、4月时乳母蛋白质摄入量高于农村组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.39、3.44、2.10、2.64,均P<0.05);在过渡乳及6月时乳母脂肪摄入量城区组高于农村组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.20、2.93,均P<0.05);在6月、8月及10月时乳母碳水化合物的摄入量农村组高于城区组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.21、2.32、2.43,均P<0.05)。通过相关性分析发现乳汁中蛋白质与膳食中脂肪在8月乳有相关性(r=-0.45,P<0.05),乳汁中蛋白质与膳食中蛋白质在过渡乳、4月乳和10月乳时有相关性(r值分别为0.38、0.45、0.47,均P<0.05),乳汁中的乳糖和膳食中的脂肪在4月乳和8月乳时有相关性(r值分别为-0.42、-0.43,均P<0.05),与膳食中的碳水化合物在6月乳时有相关性(r=0.39,P<0.05),乳汁中的能量和膳食中的脂肪在过渡乳和6月乳时有相关性(r值分别为0.89、0.43,均P<0.05),乳汁中的矿物质与膳食中脂肪在2月乳和4月乳时有相关性(r值分别为-0.42、-0.39,均P<0.05),乳汁中的脂肪与膳食中的脂肪在8月乳时有相关性(r=0.40,P<0.05)、与膳食中的碳水化合物在初乳及6月乳有相关性(r值分别为0.39、0.40,均P<0.05)、与膳食中的蛋白质在初乳时有相关性(r=0.39,P<0.05)。结论膳食成分及乳母的膳食与乳汁营养成分密切相关。

Inquiry of Modernization Management of Rural Community Self-organizing on the Perspective of Social Work

The current rural community self-organizing of China is closely related with the rural social stability as well as economic and social development. However, the current rural community self-organizing construction falls far behind the requirements of realistic practice all over China, which greatly affects the advancement of the rural modernization of China. On the other hand, social work provides a unique perspective and method to deal with these problems. Its service philosophy of selfservice as well as its humanitarian value and practical working methods provide reality conformity for the intervention into rural community self-organizing, making it conductive to improving the social relations between rural community residents and possible to realize the mutual development of rural community and rural community residents.

Harnessing the Potential of Community Radio in Empowering Rural Women in Malawi

This paper examines the extent to which community radio has the empowering and transformation potential. It draws on Nkhotakota community radio station in Malawi to analyze how community radio can empower women especially in rural areas. Although the whole of the rural population can be considered as marginalized, women are the most affected as they face marginalization in the family and village setting. Based on the data drawn from semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis, and participant observation, the paper observes that inequality and high illiteracy rate are the major hindrances among rural women which prevent them from accessing information necessary for their improvement. This paper argues that community radio has the potential to empower women in rural areas by providing them with access to information necessary to empower and transform their lives and enable them to participate in development activities.

The Potentials of Locally Available Fruits Rich in Iron to Mitigate Iron Deficiency Anemia in Least Developing Countries （LSD）

The objective of this study was to compare effects of natal plum fruits （Carissa grandiflora） on hemoglobin （HB） levels in comparison to ferrous sulfate tablets to 201 anemic children aging from 5 to 12 years in rural area in Somalia. The study was designed as randomized clinical intervention to explore the potentials of natal plum to combat against IDA （iron deficiency anemia）/anemia using mean HB gains as a parameter. The research was carried out in rural setting near Somalia capital where local NGOs （non governmental organizations） work in the absence of local/central authorities. Only HB levels of the subject children were measured as other confirmatory analyses were not available due to the civil wars at the time of the intervention. The baseline HB levels of both groups were similar. However, after the intervention the cumulative HB levels of the natal fruits group was higher than the control group of ferrous sulfate by at least 31% （P 〈 0.008, equal variances not assumed）. Dietary interventions to mitigate IDA/anemia using locally available foods rich in iron, vitamins C and A seem to promise in the developing countries where chronic inadequate resources seem to affect the public health nutrition especially vulnerable groups like growing children.

Agricultural Higher Education for Sustainable Rural Development in Turkey

Agriculture in Turkey has been playing a significant role in Turkish economy and agricultural sectors are the most important provider of employment. Additionally, agriculture is major income source for farmers in rural areas and education level positively effects their income level and productivity. Agricultural faculties, institutions and agricultural extension services are mainly responsible for farmers＇ education in Turkey. The mission of agricultural education is to provide education for young people to prepare them for life and also work for rural community. Also, the agricultural education is responsible for the development of practical and theoretical knowledge of people in rural areas with disseminating information and new technologies. Basic field studies on the national qualifications framework for higher education of Turkey has been determined by a working group of deans formed by the CoHE under the Bologna process. Sixty programs on agriculture, forestry and fishery were identified at the faculties. A small working group formed among the deans of the agricultural faculties founded ZIDEK accreditation society to accredited programs at the agricultural faculties. Also a report was prepared by another working group to recommend worldwide programs to the agricultural faculties in Turkey. Mass media plays an important role for disseminating the agricultural innovations to rural areas. In this respect, the primary goal of Turkey is the improvement of welfare of farmers in order to sustain rural development. For this aim, handicraft training centers to diversify the rural economy, agricultural publication services of MoFAL distribute publications in order to disseminate information and new technologies, Widespread Education Project for Farmers （YAYCEP） has been started and within the scope of the project producers who live in rural areas, education and extension services and projects for woman farmers and other extension studies have been carried out under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in collaboration with 26 agricultural faculties in Turkey.

Migrant Workers Age-Group Productivity Gap Is Key to Verifying Lewis Turning Point in Chin＊

This paper uses age-related productivity gaps to analyze the Lewis turning point in China. The age-related productivity gap implies that under same wage rate, older and less productive rural laborers working in cities will earn less than the reservation wage. Thus, they may elect instead to return to the countryside. Therefore, this paper argues that while the supply of younger, high-productivity migrant workers fails demand and Lewis turning point emerges, there still exists a high volume of lower-productivity rural surplus labor.

Homegardens as a Source of Income for Rural Households A Case Study of Bieha District, Southern Burkina Faso

This exploratory research studied the contribution of homegardens to household income generation. In Burkina Faso, the Bieha department was purposively selected. The initial rapid rural appraisal was complemented by a household survey. Tools of data collection included observation, key informant interview, and focus group discussion. For the survey, eighty households were selected based on systematic sampling. Data was collected by individual interviews at household level, and for statistical calculations, the households were subsequently categorized as small, medium and commercial based on their homegarden size. It was found that all the surveyed households managed homegardens composed of trees, crops and animals. Majority of the farmers （43%） belonged to the small category due to land constraints. Generally, farms contributed more income than the plant component of homegardens. However, when the livestock component of homegardens was added, homegardens became far more important than farms and accounted for over 60% of income generation for all categories. It can be concluded that homegardens are important to rural people for food and cash income.

Zakat, Local Social Organization, and Social Capital in Rural Economic Development

Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.

The Problem Related With Community Radio Concept and Restarting of Community Radio in Sri Lanka

Community radio can be considered as an appropriate media of developing the knowledge and attitudes of listeners by clearly identifying their ideas. Community radio services aid to motivate the community participation in communication successfully, as well as to strength the cultural rights of community. It is a current necessity to use community radio services in the process of obtaining successful results through the currently activated developing projects in Sri Lanka. Many countries in the world use this system to succeed their development projects. In this background, there is a necessity to explore the developmental competencies of community radio in Sri Lanka. Community interests for restarting the community radio in Kothmale, Mahaelluppallama and Giradurukotte were identified by the field research. This research proposes a noval format to restarting and continuous implementation of community radio in Sri Lanka, with the factors revealed in the survey. This project is activated under several steps as a collaborative project of Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation （SLBC）, the Department of Mass Communication, University of Kelaniya and the community. Proposed community radio will be controlled by a co-administrative system of University of Kelaniya and community. Technical support and frequency will be taken from Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corperation. The content of programs for community radio will be selected by University of Kelaniya and the community. Financial support will be given by the University of Kalaniya for a period of one year. After that, community radio should get the responsibility for its sustainability. Funds will be obtained through various departmental projects, public services, state and non-governmental organization. Those organizations don＇t have a media to implement programs which focuses on rural development. This new radio format could be used for that purpose. This model named as Campus Community Radio （CCR）. It is important to discuss the restarting of community radio services in Sri Lanka, based on the facts such as the incapability of supplying the necessities of listeners in a background of hypermedia. In addition, failure of identifying the developmental expectations of listeners for the radio services in a national level and the usage of community radio services by many countries in the world such as Philippines and India for the success of their rural projects.

Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Mexico： A Comparison between Rural and Urban Communities

This paper reports a generation and composition analysis of household solid waste in Mexico, using as a reference the characterization study performed in two communities, one urban and one rural. Data obtained are fundamental parameters for the planning of urban solid waste management systems in Mexico, complying this way with the established policy in the National Program for Waste Management and Prevention 2009-2012. The study was carried out during five days and two main parameters were assessed： （1） the daily generation rate per person and （2） the waste composition. The per capita waste generation was 0.958 kg for the urban community and 0.631 kg for the rural. The results showed that the mean composition of waste from both locations was statistically similar （a = 0.05）. In both locations the most important contribution was the fraction of food waste. In both locations more than 60% of the waste is potentially recyclable. The results of this study will be used by the municipal waste authorities in order to establish an integrated waste management plan.

An Analysis of Farming in the Rural Economic Development of West Virginia

Farming is still an important sector in rural economic development of West Virginia where 44% of the population lives in rural areas and 24% of the land is used for farming. While income earnings, education and employment rates are low in rural areas, poverty rates and unemployment are high compared to the urban areas. Thus, in the context of rural development farming is a potential major economic sector where 42% of the people＇s primary occupation is reported as farming. The objective of this study is to identify and estimate the potential impacts of farm employment in rural economic growth of West Virginia. Data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S Census Bureau for the period of 1993 to 2008 are used for the empirical analysis. A model derived from the three simultaneous equations of Duncan is used for analysis. Three-Stage Least Squares （3SLS） method using the statistical package of STATA is used for estimation. The results concerning simultaneous relationships with population density growth, per capita income growth, and farm employment growth reveal significant importance of farming in rural economic development of West Virginia. Furthermore, the results indicate the positive impacts of population density, number of people with farming as principal occupation, and crop production on rural farming sector.

北京市门头沟区宫颈癌筛查结果分析

目的总结北京市门头沟区宫颈癌细胞学筛查结果,分析出该区宫颈癌的发病规律,了解筛查地区妇女子宫颈癌的早诊早治.方法：总结2011 年8 月～2012年11 月北京门头沟区户籍人口妇女共计7571 例,进行妇科宫颈癌筛查,采用巴氏刮片法取样、涂片、染色,并用TBS 分类法阅片诊断, 妇科阳性体征者行阴道镜检查、组织病理学检查,检查结果进行回顾性分析.结果：TBS 分级发现：城镇组ASCUS 级以上120 例,阳性率4.03%,农村组ASCUS 级以上133 例,阳性率2.89%,农村组与城镇组结果ASCUS 级以上阳性率相比较差异有统计学意义（ P 〈 0. 05）.城镇组LSIL 以上38 例（1.28%）,农村组LSIL 以上42 例（0.97%）.农村组与城镇组LSIL 以上结果相比较差异有统计学意义（ P 〈 0. 05）.结论 ：积极开展健康教育,提高妇女的防癌意识加大普查力度,扩大筛查对象的范围,应宣传倡导防治知识;加强健康教育,有效地降低妇女宫颈癌患病率,提高妇女的健康水平[7].

Orofacial trauma in rural India： A clinical study

Purpose： Orofacial trauma is becoming a leading medical problem worldwide. Most of the studies pertaining to orofacial trauma have been done in urban areas but very little scientific literature is available for rural areas. Methods： A prospective medical institute-based study of orofacial injury patients was carried out from May 2013 to April 2016 （36 Months）. Data regarding incidence, age and sex distribution, causes, types and site of injury, treatment modalities and trauma associated complications were collected and analysed. Results： A total of 784 patients were studied. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 2.9：1. Age range was 9 monthse75 years with the peak incidence in the age-group of 18-34 years. Most injuries were caused by road-side accidents （72.7%）, followed by assault and falls in 11.6% and 8% respectively. Soft tissue injuries and mandibular fractures were the most common type of injuries. Head/neck （50.29%） and limb injuries （27.2%） were the most prevalent associated injuries. Surgical debridement and soft tissue suturing was the most common emergency procedure. Closed reduction was performed in 61% of patients and open reduction and internal fixation in 30% of cases and 9% were managed conservatively. Complications occurred in 6.88% of patients, mainly due to infection and malocclusion. The mean duration of hospital stay was （10.12 ± 6.24） days. Conclusion： This study highlights the importance of department of dental surgery along with other disciplinaries in the management of orofacial injuries. Road-side accident remains the major etiological factor of orofacial injuries in our setting.