陕西省农田土壤生态系统碳汇时空演变特征

在2005—2020年陕西省农田土壤生态系统碳汇测算的基础上,采用标准差椭圆、空间自相关、冷热点分析等方法,对其碳汇时空演变特征进行研究,以期揭示土壤碳汇时空异质性,合理制定区域适宜的农田管理政策。结果表明:1)2005—2020年陕西农田土壤碳汇总量整体呈波动上升趋势,碳汇量从每年的58.83×10^(4) t上升至76.51×10^(4) t;碳汇类型以施用肥料碳汇为主。2)空间上呈现“中间高,南北低”的分布格局。高值区域主要分布在咸阳、渭南、西安和宝鸡,低值区域分布于榆林、安康和商洛。3)空间分布重心整体存在向北略东移动的趋势,分布范围呈先收缩后扩张的态势,西北地区对整体碳汇空间格局影响作用加强。土壤碳汇强度具有空间正相关性,冷热点空间分布集聚程度呈现波动稳定的特征。

农田土壤生态系统冬小麦夏玉米轮作CO_2排放特征研究

采用静态箱法对旱地农田冬小麦夏玉米轮作生态系统CO2排放进行了定位观测,并利用气象色谱进行分析而研究了北方地区典型旱地农田土壤CO2排放特征.结果表明,旱地农田土壤冬小麦夏玉米轮作期间CO2的平均排放通量由大到小依次排列为:无机有机肥配合施用的处理110.78 mg.m-2.h-1,单施无机肥处理79.58 mg.m-2.h-1,无追肥处理74.20 mg.m-2.h-1,休闲地54.91 mg.m-2.h-1.作物生长状况与土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸强度的主要因素,而试验数据分析结果表明土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)与CO2排放通量无直接关系.其中,小麦拔节期、玉米的拔节期到喇叭口期的土壤CO2排放通量均较高.

化学肥料对农田土壤生态的影响

化学肥料在提供植物生长必需的营养元素 ,提高农作物产量中起重要作用 ,但如果长期过量或不当使用化学肥料 ,会造成环境污染 ,破坏农田土壤生态 ,对牲畜、人类健康造成潜在的威胁 .

生物炭对农田土壤-植物系统有机碳储量的影响

为探究生物炭对农田土壤有机碳储量以及作物固碳量的作用效应,在长江中下游地区地带性土壤黄棕壤上设置田间小区试验,采用玉米-小麦轮作方式,在不同生物炭用量[0.0 kg/(m^2·a)-(CK)、0.5 kg/(m^2·a)-(BC1)、4.5 kg/(m^2·a)-(BC2)]条件下,对土壤有机碳含量、作物生物量、作物光合固碳量等指标进行了测定分析,并估算了试验条件下农田土壤-植物系统有机碳储量。结果表明:(1)在0~20cm土层,BC2处理两季玉米收获时的土壤有机碳储量(3.72和3.77 kg/m^2)分别比CK处理增加18.93%和19.23%。小麦季BC2的土壤有机碳储量达3.43 kg/m^2,也比CK增加了12.83%。BC1处理比CK虽有增加,但未形成显著差异。土壤有机碳含量是土壤有机碳储量增加的基础。(2)两季玉米收获时其BC1处理的单株固碳量未显著高于对照,BC2处理的玉米单株固碳量(80.06和80.69 g/株)则分别比对照提高6.46%和7.16%。在小麦季,2个生物炭处理的植株单株固碳量均高于对照,尤以BC2处理较为突出,其单株固碳量达到3.06 g/株,比对照显著提高16.17%。作物生物量对植株单株固碳量有显著贡献。(3)就土壤-植物系统有机碳储量而言,BC2处理下,在两季玉米收获时该值分别为4.42和4.50 kg/m^2,显著高于CK处理,增幅达16.75%和17.09%。小麦季BC2处理的土壤-植物系统有机碳储量也达到了3.70 kg/m^2,比CK显著提高13.07%。在三季作物中,土壤有机碳储量占整个土壤-植物系统有机碳储量的80%~93%,土壤是农田生态系统碳增汇的主要来源,减少土壤碳排放可以使整个农田生态系统固定更多的碳。

Vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in the depth of 0-150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied under 14 years of four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that different land uses had different profile distributions of soil total nitrogen (STN), alkali N, ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3--N). The sequence of STN storage was woodland >maize field > fallow field > paddy field, while that of NO3--N content was maize field > paddy field > woodland > fallow field, suggesting the different root biomass and biological N cycling under various land uses. The STN storage in the depth of 0-100 cm of woodland averaged to 11.41 thm-1, being 1.65 and 1.25 times as much as that in paddy and maize fields, respec-tively, while there was no significant difference between maize and fallow fields. The comparatively higher amount of NO3--N in maize and paddy fields may be due to nitrogen fertilization and anthropogenic disturbance. Soil alkali N was significantly related with STN, and the correlation could be expressed by a linear regression model under each land use (R20.929, p<0.001). Such a correlation was slightly closer in nature (woodland and fallow field) than in agro ecosystems (paddy and maize fields). Heavy N fertilization induced an excess of crop need, and led to a comparatively higher amount of soil NO3--N in cultivated fields than in fallow field and woodland. It is suggested that agroforestry practices have the potential to make a significant contribution to both crop production and environment protection.

Relative Contributions of Spatial and Environmental Processes and Biotic Interactions in a Soil Collembolan Community

Understanding the underlying processes of how communities are structured remains a central question in community ecology. However, the mechanisms of the soil animal community are still unclear, especially for communities on a small scale. To evaluate the relative roles of biotic interactions and environmental and spatial processes in a soil collembolan community, a field experiment was carried out on a small scale(50 m) in the farmland ecosystem of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In August and October, 2011, we took 100 samples each month in a 50 m × 50 m plot using a spatially delimited sampling design. Variation partitioning was used to quantify the relative contributions of the spatial and environmental variables. A null model was selected to test for the non-randomness pattern of species co-occurrence and body size in assemblages of collembolans and to test whether the pattern observed was the result of environmental or biotic processes that structured the community on a small scale. The results showed that large variance was accounted for by spatial variables(18.99% in August and 21.83% in October, both were significant). There were relatively lower effects of environmental variation(3.56% in August and 1.45% in October, neither was significant), while the soil water content, soil p H and soybean height explained a significant portion of the variance that was observed in the spatial pattern of the collembolan community. Furthermore, the null model revealed more co-occurrence than expected by chance, suggesting that collembolan communities had a non-random co-occurrence pattern in both August and October. Additionally, environmental niche overlap and the body size ratio of co-occurrence showed that interspecific competition was not influential in collembolan community structuring. Considering all of the results together, the contributions of spatial and environmental processes were stronger than biotic interactions in the small-scale structuring of a soil collembolan community.

Contribution of Root Respiration to Total Soil Respiration in a Cotton Field of Northwest China

To measure the contribution of root respiration (Rr) to total soil respiration (Rt) in arid cotton fields, eighteen plots, nine for girdling and nine control, were built in an arid cotton field in the Aksu National Experimental Station of Oasis Farmland Ecosystem, Xinjiang of China. Given the difference of soil respiration between girdled plots and non-girdled control plots, the components of soil respiration, root respiration (Rr) and respiration originating from decomposition (Rd) were divided. The temperature sensitivities of R r and R d were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the average contribution of R r to R t in arid cotton field was about 32% during the study period. The temperature-response curve of R r differed from that of Rd . The dynamic variation of R d was more related to the change of soil temperature as compared to Rr . Rr and Rd had different responses to the variation of environment, and thus new models capable of differentiating between Rr and Rd are needed for evaluating the different factors controlling these two components of soil respiration in arid cotton field.

Microbial Biomass Dynamics in a Tropical Agroecosystem： Influence of Herbicide and Soil Amendments

The influences of herbicide alone and in combination with the soil amendments with contrasting resource qualities on dynamics of soil microbial biomass C （MBC）, N （MBN）, and P （MBP） were studied through two annual cycles in rice-wheat-summer fallow crop sequence in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. The experiment included application of herbicide （butachlor） alone or in combination with various soil amendments having equivalent amount of N in the forms of chemical fertilizer, wheat straw, Sesbania aculeata, and farm yard manure （FYM）. Soil microbial biomass showed distinct temporal variations in both crop cycles, decreased from vegetative to grain-forming stage, and then increased to maximum at crop maturity stage. Soil MBC was the highest in herbicide ＋ Sesbania aculeata treatment followed by herbicide ＋ FYM, herbicide ＋ wheat straw, herbicide ＋ chemical fertilizer, and herbicide alone treatments in decreasing order during the rice-growing period. During wheat-growing period and summer fallow, soil MBC attained maximum for herbicide ＋ wheat straw treatment whereas herbicide ＋ FYM, herbicide ＋ Sesbania, and herbicide ＋ chemical fertilizer treatments showed similar levels. The overall trend of soil MBN was similar to those of soil MBC and MBP except that soil MBN was higher in herbicide ＋ chemical fertilizer treatment over the herbicide ＋ wheat straw treatment during rice-growing period. In spite of the addition of equivalent amount of N through exogenous soil amendments in combination with the herbicide, soil microbial biomass responded differentially to the treatments. The resource quality of the amendments had more pronounced impact on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass, which may have implications for long-term sustainability of rainfed agroecosystems in dry tropics.