化肥减施对柑桔产量和农田氮磷流失与土壤基础养分的影响

农业面源污染主要由土壤侵蚀、降雨径流、不合理耕作、施肥以及畜禽养殖等引发,比点源污染更加严重,成为世界范围内水资源污染的重要原因,严重制约着中国区域可持续发展。治理农业面源污染已经成为践行农业绿色发展理念、改善水环境质量的重要举措。本项目以肥料作为影响因子,通过适量减施化肥、增施枯饼有机肥及覆盖花生秸秆来分析对柑桔产量、农田氮磷流失、土壤养分的影响。试验表明:减施化肥、增施有机肥及花生秸秆覆盖,在增加柑桔产量、减少农田氮磷流失、提高土壤肥力等方面具有明显的作用,可为国家面源污染治理、减排策略的制定、减排措施的遴选和果园生产提供参考。

滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失的作用和机理研究

农田面源氮磷的流失是导致河流湖泊等水体产生富营养化的主要原因之一,其带来的环境、经济及社会问题已引起国内外广泛关注。近年来,关于滨岸缓冲带截留污染物的效率和机理已成为研究热点。文章介绍了滨岸缓冲带在农业面源污染防治上的功能和作用,论述了滨岸缓冲带对氮磷养分的截留转化机理以及稳定同位素技术在机理研究中的应用,讨论了影响滨岸缓冲带截留转化氮磷养分的调控因子,在此基础上就目前滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失研究中存在的问题提出了未来的研究展望。

洱海近岸不同种植类型农田沟渠径流氮磷流失特征

为研究不同种植类型对沟渠径流氮磷流失的影响,以洱海西岸苗木地、菜地和稻田3种种植类型农田内的典型灌排单元为研究对象,通过监测沟渠径流流入和流出灌排单元断面的氮、磷浓度,分析不同种植类型对沟渠径流氮、磷浓度的影响及相对贡献。结果表明,不同种植类型农田沟渠出水径流氮、磷浓度从大到小依次为菜地、稻田和苗木地,其中稻田和苗木地沟渠出水口径流总氮(TN)浓度大于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水,而总磷(TP)浓度低于地表Ⅳ类水标准,菜地沟渠出水口径流TN、TP浓度远大于地表V类水标准。菜地沟渠出水口径流中各形态氮、磷浓度均大于沟渠入水口,苗木地则相反。5、6月稻田沟渠出水口径流各形态氮、磷浓度大于沟渠入水口,其他月份则相反。3种种植类型下沟渠径流氮磷的主要形态为无机氮和可溶性总磷(DTP),分别占TN和TP浓度的70.32%~81.49%和70.33%~79.33%,NO_3^--N占无机氮浓度的75.13%~84.75%。不同种植类型对沟渠径流TN、NH_4^+-N、NO_3^--N、TP和DTP浓度的贡献率从大到小依次为菜地(56.41%、85.81%、44.61%、66.17%和64.80%)、稻田(-4.50%、-15.14%、-10.01%、-0.85%和-0.29%)和苗木地(-89.88%、-64.81%、-96.49%、-72.11%和-69.69%)。

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Different Crop Rotation Systems in the North of Erhai Lake Basin

[Objective] Nitrogen and phosphorus losses of surface runoff in various crop rotation systems in the north of Erhai Lake basin were studied with the objective to provide references for risk evaluation of environmental pollution and formulating countermeasures to control the nonpoint source pollution from agriculture.[Method] Water samples collected in four typical crop rotation systems distributed in seven towns（townships） in the north of Erhai Lake basin were investigated,as well as the fertilizer input,to explore the dynamic change of nitrogen and phosphorus content in surface water of farmland and ditch water,and the correlation between fertilizer input and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water of farmland and in the ditch water.[Result] The results showed that nitrogen loss in surface water of farmland in different crop rotation systems differed greatly,and the risk of nitrogen loss was 38% lower in broad bean-rice crop rotation than that in garlic-rice crop rotation.The water soluble nitrogen was the primary form of nitrogen loss.The content of water soluble nitrogen was significantly higher in garlic-rice crop rotation than that in the other rotation systems,and the concentrations of nitrogen in the surface water of farmland in different crop rotation systems followed the sequence below：garlic-rice crop rotationryegrass-rice crop rotationbroad bean-rice crop rotationrape-rice crop rotation.The loss of phosphorus in the surface water of farmland was relatively low and phosphorus combined with silt was the primary form for phosphorus loss.There was no significant difference of the loss of various forms of phosphorus in different crop rotation systems.The contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the surface water of farmland were higher than that in ditch water,with increasing rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in ditch water of 72% and 82%,respectively.Topdressing was the critical reason for the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water,which also caused the increasing load to the ditch water.[Conclusion] Both the nitrogen and phosphorus loss were the highest in garlic-rice crop rotation.Reasonable crop rotation systems should be established based on both the environmental and economic benefits.This study provided references for controlling the nonpoint source pollution of farmland and improving the water quality of Erhai Lake.