生态农耕:生产方式、市场结构与人际关系的再构

基于自然与农耕生产和谐共生关系的生态农耕是生态文明建设在"三农"领域的突出表现,重视生态友好的生产方式、注重城市消费者与农耕者沟通的市场结构、强调社区合作的人际关系在生态农耕中逐渐呈现。农业—村社关系共同体价值回归的过程同时是劳动者的主体性与自信力重建的过程,劳动者精神则是对劳动过程价值的重新构建。生态农耕市场的形成是一个消费者教育与培养的过程,消费者参与生态农耕认证是对市场本身进行再构的过程。对于"三农"问题的解决,生态农耕兼具农户增收效应、社区生态效应、健康效应,促进了社区基于规模化生态农业的合作化过程,突现了其社区重建功能。政府部门应加大对利于生态修复和环境安全的、兼业化的、体现立体循环经济的生态农业的财政补贴力度,尤其应该加强对于以小农户生态农耕模式为基础的、市民参与式的、有生态文明教育体验作用的多功能生态农业的政策扶持。借助生态农业对社区文化、社区环境及社区合作因素的促进作用,加强社会管理创新。以生态农业为起点,探讨新时期解决包括食物质量在内的农业安全问题的途径。更新政策认识体系,发挥政策多维想象力与差异适切性。

生态农耕的多元收益考察

通过对生态农耕户的收益考察发现,南方地区的生态种植户收入较之前实现了倍增:对于经营多年的有成熟城市消费者网络的生态农耕户,其收入结构实现了以生态农业为基础的多样化;对于首年使用生态农耕的农户,在城市环保公益组织的支持下,当年就实现了收支平衡且有盈余。生态农耕的发展,实现了农户的价值回归与身份捡拾,有利于人力资本的再生,实现了"益农"式的增长,在带来经济效益的同时,也促进了农村社区生产方式的转变,突现了经济效益、生态效益、社会效益的高度统一和可持续发展。

黔东南原生态农耕文化——禾

黔东南原生态农耕文化是支撑当地苗族、侗族人民生存的文化,它体现了生态环境与生存环境和生活环境的有机统一。禾能适应冷、阴、烂、锈等恶劣环境的稻田。摘禾、禾晾和禾仓的收储方式独具特色。禾改粘、粘还禾反映了当地群众对禾的依赖。黔东南苗侗民族是禾(糯)文化的传承者。当今世界糯稻栽培圈已逐步减少,而黔东南却以禾的形式把这些糯稻完整保存下来,它在中国稻作文化中独具特色,是黔东南原生态农耕文化的瑰宝。

Problems and Significance of Land Consolidation Projects Quality and Countermeasures

Land consolidation program would not only increase farmland area, but also improve land quality. With consideration of problems in land consolidation, such as highlighting number and ignoring quality, and compensating poor farmlands for occupied highly-qualified farmlands, the research proposed the importance of quality of land consolidation program and the way for improving the quality, in order to draw attention of national land consolidation industry for quality of the program, protect farmlands and crop safety, and advance social stability and harmony.

旅游开发影响下的肇兴侗寨人居环境变迁研究

民族村寨的传统人居环境,是自然生态系统与人工生态系统相互嵌套协调并经长期积淀形成的智慧成果。在旅游开发中,传统人居环境因不能适应生计模式的转换而发生变迁,是一个必然的过程。对肇兴侗寨旅游开发前后的人居环境进行了对比分析,发现肇兴侗寨由传统农耕生计模式向商旅服务生计模式转换的过程中,其建筑样式、空间布局和圈层结构都发生了不同程度的改变。商旅接待空间外移,使传统人居环境和商旅人居环境的冲突问题获得了疏解,二者和谐共生的发展态势已初步形成,但仍需政府、企业、村民、商户、游客和设计师等多元内生力量相互调适予以进一步完善。

Reconstruction of Highly-efficient Smash-ridging Ecological Cultivation Method for Sustainable Yield-increasing of Soil Plough Layers

With consideration of highly-efficient use of natural resources, reducing production cost and construction of high-standard agricultural fields, rice production of good seed＋fertilizer investment is reformed on basis of research of smash-ridging technology, and rice smash-ridging ecological and highly-efficient cultivation was pro- posed, namely, smash-ridging based deeply poughing and rotary tillage technology was used to loosen soils deeply, with the depth from 13-15 cm to 26-28 cm. Fur- thermore, after soils softening, seedling slinging or direct seeding was adopted, which is dominated by natural rainfall and supplemented by artificial irrigation. The test proved that the technology help increasing yield and profits over 20%, with chemical fertilizer reduced by more than 10%, and labor cost reduced by 10%. What＇s more, if the technology applied once, no-tillage or slight tillage is recom- mended in the field, which would maintain original eco-conditions of soils and reach high yield, with energy, water, labor costs reduced in an environment-friendly way.

Soil chemical properties under modern and traditional farming systems at Khagrachari,Chittagong Hill Tracts,Bangladesh

Land degradation in Chittagong hill tracts has been taking place due to shrinkage of forest cover, policy weakness, population explosion, and inappropriate hill farming system. Modem farming system in the Chittagong hill tracts like Sloping Agricultural Land Technology （SALT） is practiced to provide a new strategy for developing lands for economic productivity and bio-diversity conservation through establishment of ecological community rather than traditional shifting cultivation which is no longer sustainable according to the carrying capacity of ecosystem of Chittagong hill tracts. This study is to find out changing trends of soil chemical properties of sites under modem and traditional farming systems at Khagrachari district of Chittagong hill tracts. The result of the research shows that Sloping Agricultural Land Technology has significantly higher capacity of production due to the presence of the highest percentage of organic carbon, organic matter, compared with shifting cultivated site. The study recommends that shifting cultivation may be changed into a relatively stable semi-permanent farming system through developing participatory integrated farming systems to establish stable production environment in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Forces Driving Changes in Cultivated Land and Management Countermeasures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

The Three Gorges project accelerates economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.This paper aimed to investigate the distribution,changes and features of cultivated land in this area,analyze the forces driving the changes in cultivated land area,and propose the countermeasures for cultivated land management.Transition matrix was used to analyze the features of cultivated land changes,and quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were adopted to research the driving forces according to the features of cultivated land changes.Cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area mainly lay to the northwest of the Yangtze River,especially the upper reaches.The areas of cultivated land increased from 1996 to 1999,then decreased from 2000 to 2006,and finally increased again from 2007 to 2009.The important forces driving changes in cultivated land included government policies,employment and food security,increasing construction land,agriculture structure adjustment,land rearrangement,inundation.During cultivated land management,firstly,it is necessary to insist on the principle of cultivated land protection,standardize land exploitation and strictly restrict the transformation of cultivated land into non-farming land.Secondly,land rearrangement must be implemented,which can not only increase the area of the cultivated land,but also improve the quality of the cultivated land.Thirdly,it is feasible to intensify eco-agriculture construction to increase the quantity and quality of cultivated land.Fourthly,it is helpful to improve the traditional agriculture production methods to promote cultivated land quality.Lastly,it is important to propagandize cultivated land protection and realize the enormous pressure of cultivated land shortage,making more people obligated to protect cultivated land.

Poverty and Agroforestry Adoption： The Cases of Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis in Godohou Village （Southern Benin）

The decomposition of the environmental degradation cost in Benin Republic revealed that the agricultural activities are responsible of the greatest amount of this cost （76.1%）. This situation is strengthened by the fallow periods shortening （and even suppression） in the southern Benin in general, because of demographic pressure. The promotion of some improved fallow technologies （IFT） was then launched some decades ago. This study focused on two IFT of high agro-ecological value, Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis, in order to determine the influence of the farmers＇ wellbeing state on their farming systems in general, and on the adoption level of these two technologies in Godohou village （southern Benin）. The data analysis revealed that： There was no significant difference between the farmers＇ amount knowing the agronomic and ecological value of Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis from a level of prosperity to another; Three wealth levels were distinguished： The poor class （Ayatonon class）, the less poor class （Metchivo-Houedeka class） and the non poor class （Hotonon class） which represented respectively 35.4%, 55.9% and 8.7%;The adoption rate of Mucuna and Acacia fallow was globally low in Godohou village （25.7%）, but this adoption rate was lesser in the poorest class than in all other classes. This trend was confirmed if we integrate a global agro-ecological analysis of the farming systems practiced by the farmers.

Agricultural Land Use Intensity and Its Determinants in Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in North China:A Case Study of Taipusi County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this article analyzes agricultural land use intensity and its determinants. The results reveal marked differences of agricultural land use intensity among households with different ages of householders, proportion of non-farm participants, total agricultural land area, land fragmentation and land utilization capacity. （i） Households with older householders and households with a smaller proportion of non-farming laborers generally spend more time on managing their land and invest less capital and materials than other households. The proportion of non-farming laborers within younger households is relatively high, and they tend to invest more capital and materials because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes their financial constraints. （ii） Land fragmentation is an important determinant of land use intensity. Households with a bigger land size per plot usually spend less time and invest more capital and materials on their land; （iii） Land with better quality is usually managed intensively. The results suggest that labor has become an important constraint for local agricultural production, and there is the potential to improve land management scale and increase machinery input to substitute for labor. Furthermore, the effects of non-farm employment on land use intensity indicate that the establishment of a coordination mechanism between non-farm employment and agricultural land use is an important way to solve the conflict between ecological security and agricultural production in ecologically-vulnerable areas.

A Review and Implication of Land Fallow System Research

Land fallow is of great significance for undertaking land reclamation, safeguarding national food security, promoting environmental improvements and ensuring the sustainable use of land resources. This paper reviews the important achievements in three areas of research on the land fallow system. It reviews and compares the land fallow system in different countries and regions of the world; it examines the response of farmers to the land fallow system and ecological environment; and it looks at the economic effects of the land fallow system. Based on Chi- na＇s rotation system for cultivated land, some relevant policy implications are put forward. Based on the different degrees of land damage, the evaluation system and the subsidy accounting standard for fallow land are formulated, and the compulsory fallow and voluntary participation of the niche fallow are targeting. The land fallow system should improve both the regulatory and the restraint mechanisms, improve the environmental awareness and en- vironmental protection skills of farmers, change the production behaviors of farmers, and encourage farmers to change to high coverage crops to protect the land. In view of the negative effects produced by implementation of the fallow system should take corresponding management and compensation measures.

Impact of Wheat Price Changes on Farmers’Willingness to Participate in Fallow

After operating for four years,the fallow project in the groundwater funnel area of the North China Plain has produced an initial water-saving effect.However,groundwater funnel remediation is a long-term process,and grain price changes over time may affect farmers’willingness to participate in fallow.Based on the estimation by the Cobb-Douglas production function,the relationship between farmers’satisfaction with fallow compensation and planting income is analyzed based on survey data collected from farming households in Hebei,a typical province located in the groundwater funnel area.Using this data,the impact of wheat price changes on farmers’willingness to participate in fallow is simulated.The results indicate wheat price changes affect farmers’expected planting income and consequently their willingness to fallow;88%of farmers would be unwilling to participate in fallow with a 0.1 yuan per 500 g increase in the wheat price,whereas 71.4%of farmers would be willing to participate in fallow with a 0.2 yuan per 500 g decrease in the price.Finally,some policy implications are proposed,such as the recommendation that the fallow compensation should be adjusted according to the wheat price multiplied by the average wheat yield of the three years before fallow in the North China Plain.

Synergic Relationship between the Grain for Green Program and the Agricultural Eco-economic System in Ansai County based on the VAR model

Understanding the synergic relationship between the Grain for Green Program(GGP)and the agricultural eco-economic system is important for designing an optimized agricultural eco-economic system and developing a highly efficient structure of an agricultural industry chain and a resource chain.This study used Ansai County time series data from 1995 to 2014,applied vector autoregressive(VAR)models and used tools such as Granger causality,impulse response analysis and variance decomposition,to explore the synergy between the GGP and the agricultural eco-economic system.The results revealed a synergic and reciprocal relationship between the GGP and the agroeconomic system.The contribution of the GGP to the agroecosystem reached 34%,which was significantly higher than either its largest contribution to the agroeconomic system(20.8%)or its peak contribution to the agrosocial system(26.7%).The agroeconomic system had the most prominent influence on the GGP,with a year-round stable contribution of up to 55.3%.These results were consistent with reality.However,the impact of the GGP on the agricultural eco-economic system was weaker than the effect of the agricultural eco-economic system on the GGP.The lag of variable stationarity after the shock was relatively short,indicating that optimal coupling had not formed between the GGP and the agricultural eco-economic system.On the basis of enhancing the ecological functions,we should construct the agricultural industry-resource chain such that it focuses on promoting the effective utilization of resources in the region.In addition,the development of a carbon sink industry can be used to manifest the ecological values of ecological functions.