This paper carries out empirical analysis of the ration behavior of rural credit cooperatives in less developed regions in providing loan services to rural households. It also inspects the interaction between rural ho...This paper carries out empirical analysis of the ration behavior of rural credit cooperatives in less developed regions in providing loan services to rural households. It also inspects the interaction between rural households＇ demand for credit and the loan supply from rural credit cooperatives with simultaneous discrete model. The performance of supporting agriculture through a new round reform of rural credit cooperatives is doubtable in this sample region.展开更多
About twenty percent people in Bangladesh are poor and ultra-poor, and they face severe food insecurity every year. Since food deficit is a recurring phenomenon especially in the northern area of Bangladesh, due to sc...About twenty percent people in Bangladesh are poor and ultra-poor, and they face severe food insecurity every year. Since food deficit is a recurring phenomenon especially in the northern area of Bangladesh, due to scarcity of jobs in agriculture dilring the lean period, there is a necessity for creating employment opportunities in non-crop agriculture and off-farm services. This action research program is therefore planned and offered skill development training in different trades to the target beneficiaries in the study area for employment generation. It is observed from the field survey that introduction of self-employment opportunities of the poor farmers by conducting skill development training program in different income generating economic activities enabling them to acquire necessary skills, and helping them to choose self-employment in off-farm sectors. In addition, education and advocacy programs also helped them to ensure food security by depositing their money/foods in a community food bank aiming to use during crisis period.展开更多
This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of paym...This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of payment by the inhabitants of rural areas. The main source of data used for analysis and inference was information originating from the authors＇ own investigations conducted in 2013 on a group of 500 rural households and on a group of 150 trade and service points operating in non-urbanized areas. This work made use of statistical summary measures and Z2 independence test. According to the results of the conducted studies, forms of payment used by rural dwellers depend on many variables, of demographic, economic, and psychological character. Cash payments are more frequently used by persons possessing vocational or secondary education, elderly people, old-age pensioners, annuitants, or households with lower incomes. Also, persons who do not trust financial institutions or do not perceive benefits resulting from the use of non-cash instruments prefer cash. It is a group of households which require urgent educational activities in the area of non-cash payment instruments. A significant barrier to using non-cash payment instruments by rural dwellers was a limited access to non-cash channels. It is connected in the first place with a poorer development of financial infrastructure in rural areas （banks or cash points）, insufficient Internet access conditioning a possibility to use electronic banking points, and also a worse development of credit card acceptance network. As has been demonstrated by the results of conducted studies, the main reason for a lack of point of sale （POS） terminals in retail and service-providing points operating in rural areas, in the opinion of their owners, is the very high interchange fee （50% indications）, which under Polish conditions is one of the highest in the European Union （EU）.展开更多
文摘This paper carries out empirical analysis of the ration behavior of rural credit cooperatives in less developed regions in providing loan services to rural households. It also inspects the interaction between rural households＇ demand for credit and the loan supply from rural credit cooperatives with simultaneous discrete model. The performance of supporting agriculture through a new round reform of rural credit cooperatives is doubtable in this sample region.
文摘About twenty percent people in Bangladesh are poor and ultra-poor, and they face severe food insecurity every year. Since food deficit is a recurring phenomenon especially in the northern area of Bangladesh, due to scarcity of jobs in agriculture dilring the lean period, there is a necessity for creating employment opportunities in non-crop agriculture and off-farm services. This action research program is therefore planned and offered skill development training in different trades to the target beneficiaries in the study area for employment generation. It is observed from the field survey that introduction of self-employment opportunities of the poor farmers by conducting skill development training program in different income generating economic activities enabling them to acquire necessary skills, and helping them to choose self-employment in off-farm sectors. In addition, education and advocacy programs also helped them to ensure food security by depositing their money/foods in a community food bank aiming to use during crisis period.
文摘This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of payment by the inhabitants of rural areas. The main source of data used for analysis and inference was information originating from the authors＇ own investigations conducted in 2013 on a group of 500 rural households and on a group of 150 trade and service points operating in non-urbanized areas. This work made use of statistical summary measures and Z2 independence test. According to the results of the conducted studies, forms of payment used by rural dwellers depend on many variables, of demographic, economic, and psychological character. Cash payments are more frequently used by persons possessing vocational or secondary education, elderly people, old-age pensioners, annuitants, or households with lower incomes. Also, persons who do not trust financial institutions or do not perceive benefits resulting from the use of non-cash instruments prefer cash. It is a group of households which require urgent educational activities in the area of non-cash payment instruments. A significant barrier to using non-cash payment instruments by rural dwellers was a limited access to non-cash channels. It is connected in the first place with a poorer development of financial infrastructure in rural areas （banks or cash points）, insufficient Internet access conditioning a possibility to use electronic banking points, and also a worse development of credit card acceptance network. As has been demonstrated by the results of conducted studies, the main reason for a lack of point of sale （POS） terminals in retail and service-providing points operating in rural areas, in the opinion of their owners, is the very high interchange fee （50% indications）, which under Polish conditions is one of the highest in the European Union （EU）.
