不同冠温特征冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程中内源激素含量的变化

“豫麦50”在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型;而“豫麦34”和“豫麦70”则在灌浆后期冠层温度有上升趋势,表现为暖尾型,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5℃。冷尾型“豫麦50”强势粒中ZR、IAA、GA3含量峰值均高于其它两个品种,其ZR/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA峰值亦高于暖尾型“豫麦70”和“豫麦34”,ABA含量在灌浆中期上升快,高峰值大于“豫麦70”和“豫麦34”,达到高峰后下降较快;“豫麦50”弱势粒中的各种激素含量仍较高。

不同冠温特征小麦的籽粒灌浆特性及内源激素的变化

为阐明小麦冠层温度与其籽粒灌浆特性、内源激素变化的关系,2001～2003年对黄淮麦区及河南省推广的30个小麦品种冠温特征、籽粒灌浆特性和籽粒发育过程中内源激素(玉米素ZR、赤霉素GA3、生长素IAA、脱落酸ABA)含量及比值的变化进行了研究.结果表明,豫麦50在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型;豫麦34和豫麦70在灌泉后期冠层温度有上升的趋势,表现为暖尾型.在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5℃.冷尾型豫麦50强、弱势粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和渐增期、快增期、缓增期的灌浆速率均大于暖尾型豫麦34、豫麦70;强势粒的激素含量变化及其比值变化规律性明显,弱势粒表现的规律性不如强势粒.冷尾型豫麦50强势粒ZR、IAA、GA3含量峰值均高于豫麦34、豫麦70,其ZR/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA峰值亦高于暖尾型豫麦70和豫麦34,而ABA含量在灌浆中期上升快,且高峰值大于豫麦70和豫麦34,达到高峰后下降较快;在弱势粒中,豫麦50上述各种激素含量仍保持较高状态.

两种冠温型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态

于2001—2003年对河南省主要推广的3个冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）品种冠温特征、籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态进行了研究。结果表明：‘豫麦50’在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低，表现为冷尾型，而‘豫麦34’、‘豫麦70’冠层温度有上升的趋势，表现为暖尾型，在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2．5℃。不同冠温小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态表现出差异：暖尾型小麦清蛋白、球蛋白积累量在灌浆后期显著高于冷尾型品种，最终醇溶蛋白积累量品种问差异不显著，麦谷蛋白积累量在花后15d以前差异不显著，但开花20d后暖尾型小麦麦谷蛋白积累量增大，与冷尾型小麦差异达到1％显著水平，最终麦谷蛋白与总蛋白质含量比例亦表现出同样的趋势，麦谷蛋白含量与灌浆中、后期冠层温度和整个灌浆期平均冠层温度均达到显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．7781、0．865、0．9687；不同冠温型小麦淀粉组分积累量与直／支差异不大，但淀粉糊化特性表现出明显的差异，除稀懈值外，暖尾型小麦与冷尾型小麦峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、糊化时间、糊化温度和反弹值差异分别达到1％显著水平。

小麦冠温的多态性及其与品质变异的关联

【目的】在对小麦冠层温度长期观测的基础上,开展了小麦冠温多态性研究,以揭示其和小麦籽粒品质变化的关联。【方法】将具有不同冠温状态的小麦材料置于不同环境条件尤其气象条件的影响之下,以引起小麦籽粒品质的变异。【结果】小麦按其冠温状态可分为3种类型:冷型小麦,其冠温年年表现为冷型态;暖型小麦,其冠温年年表现为暖型态;中间型小麦,其冠温主要表现为包括冷型态,暖型态在内的6种状态。在不同环境影响下,冷型小麦的品质变异最小,最为稳定;暖型小麦次之;中间型小麦变异最大,最不稳定。其实质在于小麦植株体内所进行的有关生理生化过程的稳定性因小麦温度型而异。【结论】鉴于冷型小麦具有品质变异小的特性,因而,降低小麦株温、培育出冷型小麦可能是解决小麦品质广幅生态适应性的有效途径。

The influences of canopy temperature measuring on the derived crop water stress index

Crop water stress index(CWSI)is widely used for efficient irrigation management.Precise canopy temperature(T_(c))measurement is necessary to derive a reliable CWSI.The objective of this research was to investigate the influences of atmospheric conditions,settled height,view angle of infrared thermography,and investigating time of temperature measuring on the performance of the CWSI.Three irrigation treatments were used to create different soil water conditions during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 winter wheat-growing seasons.The CWSI was calculated using the CWSI-E(an empirical approach)and CWSI-T(a theoretical approach)based on the T_(c).Weather conditions were recorded continuously throughout the experimental period.The results showed that atmospheric conditions influenced the estimation of the CWSI;when the vapor pressure deficit(VPD)was>2000 Pa,the estimated CWSI was related to soil water conditions.The height of the installed infrared thermograph influenced the T_(c)values,and the differences among the T_(c)values measured at height of 3,5,and 10 m was smaller in the afternoon than in the morning.However,the lens of the thermometer facing south recorded a higher T_(c)than those facing east or north,especially at a low height,indicating that the direction of the thermometer had a significant influence on T_(c).There was a large variation in CWSI derived at different times of the day,and the midday measurements(12:00-15:00)were the most reliable for estimating CWSI.Negative linear relationships were found between the transpiration rate and CWSI-E(R^(2)of 0.3646-0.5725)and CWSI-T(R^(2)of 0.5407-0.7213).The relations between fraction of available soil water(FASW)with CWSI-T was higher than that with CWSI-E,indicating CWSI-T was more accurate for predicting crop water status.In addition,The R^(2)between CWSI-T and FASW at 14:00 was higher than that at other times,indicating that 14:00 was the optimal time for using the CWSI for crop water status monitoring.Relative higher yield of winter wheat was obtained with average seasonal values of CWSI-E and CWSI-T around 0.23 and 0.25-0.26,respectively.The CWSI-E values were more easily influenced by meteorological factors and the timing of the measurements,and using the theoretical approach to derive the CWSI was recommended for precise irrigation water management.

小麦叶片的非顺序衰老

通过数年来对一类具有叶片非顺序衰老小麦的观察和它们的冠温以及若干重要形态、生理、产量参数的测定,发现:(1)自然界存在很少数小麦其大部分茎生叶片的衰老顺序和一般小麦不同,即最晚衰老的叶片不是人们熟知的旗叶而是倒2叶;(2)和这种特殊的衰老状态相伴随,在结实后期出现了顶层叶黄、邻层叶绿的叶色结构,和一般小麦的顶层叶绿、邻层叶黄完全相反,另外,冠层温度表现出以冷收尾的显著特征,叶片的叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率也随着生育期的向前推进出现了叶片呈非顺序衰老者其旗叶被倒2叶反超的异常状况;(3)在上述生理过程作用下,粒重亦发生了变化,即叶片非顺序衰老茎上的籽粒明显较重,由此带动这类小麦的粒重亦比一般叶片顺序衰老小麦有普遍上升,这和不同于传统灌浆模式的"接力式"灌浆机制有密切关系;(4)叶片非顺序衰老小麦的发现对长期困扰小麦生产的早衰问题的解决、颇有希望的冷型小麦的培育以及小麦产量的进一步提升可能提供了一种新的思路和途径.

环境温度对矮脚肉种公鸡体温和血浆睾酮含量的影响

本试验分二期研究了环境温度对鸡直肠温度、冠温和血浆睾酮水平的影响。结果表明,鸡直肠温度和冠温与环境温度均呈正相关变化,但冠温变化幅度和个体变异明显大于直肠温度,说明冠温对环境变化比较敏感,而置肠温度在一定环境温度条件下,则能保持相对稳定。血浆睾酮水平在5～9℃低温下极显著升高(P<0.01)。

A Resistance Bioassay for Rhizoctonia Root and Crown Rot and Damping-off Caused by the Anastomosis Groups AG 2-2111B and AG 4 in Sugar Beet

In order to determine the level of resistance of sugar beet varieties against Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-21IIB and AG 4, a methodology was implemented under greenhouse conditions that contemplated the most important criteria regarding to plant-pathogen interaction. The effect of plant growth stage on the development of the disease was evaluated. Seven sugar beet varieties were tested for resistance to R. solani AG 2-2IIIB and AG 4. To detect differences in leaf temperature between/L solani inoculated plants and non-infected plants, an infrared （IR） camera was tested. High incidence of R. solani AG 2-2IIIB and AG 4 in sugar beet plants was evident when the fungal inoculum was applied to two and four weeks old plants. At four weeks after sowing, it was the optimum time to inoculate sugar beet plants in order to generate R. solani infection, since at this time all plants were infected. Significant differences were detected regarding disease incidence between sugar beet varieties inoculated with different anastomosis groups. Leaf temperature was significant different between inoculated and non-inoculated plants, demonstrated that this technique could be a new tool for breeders to screen for resistance of new varieties.

Reversible phase transition of the 1:1 complex between 18-crown-6 and n-propylammonium triiodide

Solid-state structure of the crystalline 1：1 complex [C3H10N（18-crown-6）]＋[I3] （1） between 18-crown-6 and n-propylammonium triiodide has been determined at 293 and 93 K, respectively, showing a change from monoclinic P21/m to monoclinic P21/a. Crystal structural analysis shows that in addition to van der Waals＇ forces, conventional N-H..-O hydrogen bonds are the key interactions. Measurements of unit cell parameters versus temperature show that the values of one of the three axes and the crystal volume change abruptly and remarkably at 220 K, indicating a first-order phase transition. The lack of the mirror plane in the low temperature structure is the most important differences between the two structural forms. Dif- ferential scanning calorimetry （DSC） measurement confirms that I undergoes a reversible phase transition at about 220 K with a thermal hysteresis of 3.5 K. The relatively large latent heat makes 1 a good candidate for phase change materials. The phase transition is accompanied by an anomaly of dielectric constant during heating and cooling process near the phase transition temperature.