[Objective] The primary aims of this study were to understand the characteristic of floralorgan development in ‘Dongxing＇, and analyze its differences with other apricot varieties. [Method] Floral organ morphology, ...[Objective] The primary aims of this study were to understand the characteristic of floralorgan development in ‘Dongxing＇, and analyze its differences with other apricot varieties. [Method] Floral organ morphology, pollen quantity, pollen viability and stigma receptivityof ‘Dongxing＇ and other apricot varieties were observed and measured. [Result] The ratio between the medium style and long style of‘Dongxing＇ was 82.4%, and the ratio of pistillode was lower than that in the other apricot varieties. Its pollen quantity was 32 183.2 grains per flower, and was fewer than the others. The pollen germination of ‘Dongxing＇ in optimum medium（1% agar ＋15% sucrose ＋ 0.01% boric acid） was 53.0%, i.e. its pollen viability was low. The pollen viability increased at first and then decreased following the period of the bud stage to flowering stage, and pollen viability reached maximum value at the 1st d after flowering. Meanwhile the stored pollen viability continuously decreased with the extension of storage time, and pollen viability of the both vivo or vitro stored was decreased to the half of the maximum value at the 3rdd after flowering or storage.The stigma receptivity of ‘ongxing＇ enhanced at first then weakened, maximum stigma receptivity was found at the period of 2 h to 4 h after flowering. The optimum time for artificial pollination was 1 h to 8 h after flowering and it was shorter than the other apricot varieties was. [Conclusion] The ratio between the medium style and long style of ‘Dongxing＇ was higher than the other apricot varieties, while the pollen viability of ‘Dongxing＇ on the contrary. Its pollen viability reached maximum value at the 1st d after flowering and the optimum time for artificial pollination was1 h to 8h after flowering.展开更多
The loss and degradation of wetlands have adversely affected waterbirds, which depend on wetland habitats. Interspecific competition has an important effect on habitat utilization of wintering waterbirds. Resource uti...The loss and degradation of wetlands have adversely affected waterbirds, which depend on wetland habitats. Interspecific competition has an important effect on habitat utilization of wintering waterbirds. Resource utilization, including partitioning, in degraded wetlands has become a hot issue in ecological studies of wintering waterbirds. In order to have an insight into the habitat utilization and resource partitioning between a Hooded Crane(Grus monacha) population and the guild of three goose species, i.e., Anser fabalis, A. albifrons and A. erythropus wintering in lake wetlands, we carried out a study at Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve from November 2011 to April 2012. We surveyed the Hooded Cranes and goose guild foraging in various habitats during the wintering periods with a combined method of fixed route searching and fixed site observations. Resource partitioning was studied by means of calculating habitat utilization rates and the width and overlap of spatial niches. The results showed that the habitat utilization rate and the width of spatial niches of the Hooded Crane population and goose guild shifted with the season. The habitat utilization rates of the cranes in grasslands were high at all three wintering stages. The habitat utilization rates were 0.454, 0.435 and 0.959 respectively for the Hooded Cranes and 0.627, 0.491 and 0.616 for the goose guild. This suggests that the overlap in grasslands was higher between cranes and goose guild. Most habitats were accessible at the middle stage, so the width of the spatial niche of the cranes(1.099) and goose guild(1.133) both reached their peak at this stage. The greatest niche overlap was 0.914 for these two groups at the late stage, followed by 0.906 at the middle stage and the smallest was 0.854 at the early stage. Ecological response to the changes in habitats of wintering waterbirds was clearly shown in the dynamic variations of the niche of both the Hooded Cranes and the three goose species. Coexistence among waterbirds was achieved by regulation of niche width to reduce niche overlap and relieve interspecific resource partitioning.展开更多
Poyang Lake is a very important wintering place for cranes in China and East Asia.Two crane surveys were conducted at Poyang Lake during the 2011/2012 winter,the first on 18-19 December 2011 and the second on 18-19 Fe...Poyang Lake is a very important wintering place for cranes in China and East Asia.Two crane surveys were conducted at Poyang Lake during the 2011/2012 winter,the first on 18-19 December 2011 and the second on 18-19 February 2012.The survey covered the entire Poyang Lake basin,as well as two main lakes in Jiujiang (Saicheng Hu and Chi Hu),i.e.,a total of 85 sub-lakes were surveyed.Both surveys recorded four species of cranes.The first survey on 18-19 December 2011 recorded 4577 Siberian Cranes (Grus leucogeranus),mostly in Bang Hu,Sha Hu and Dahu Chi,302 Hooded Cranes (G.monacha),885 White-naped Cranes (G.vipio) and 8408 Eurasian Cranes (G.grus),for the most part in the center of the lake basin.The second survey on 18-19 February 2012 recorded 3335 Siberian Cranes (mostly in Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (PLNR) and its surrounding areas),110 Hooded Cranes (largely in PLNR and its surrounding areas),283 White-naped Cranes (86％ in Bang Hu) and 2205 Eurasian Cranes (particularly in Duchang and Nanjishan NNR).The number of Siberian Cranes enumerated in December was 1000 more than the second count in February 2012.It is not possible to rule out double counting due to the close proximity of the main sites of the Siberian Cranes.During winters from 1998 to 2009,the average of the highest counts each winter was 3091,ranging from 2345 in 1996 to 4004 in 2002.By comparison with counts taken at other times,we therefore estimate a wintering population of Siberian Cranes of ～3800-4000 at Poyang Lake.Additional evidence will be needed to raise the world population estimate.Our more recent surveys indicate a continuing decline in the number of White-naped Cranes and an increase in Eurasian Cranes.展开更多
The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and sel...The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and self-pollinated lines--110M-10, 127M-10, 132M-10 were studied; the forms of＂0＋＂ type--selfed lines 124-10, 221-10, 305-10; the forms of＂＋0＂ type--cultivars Victor, Janus, Emerald; forms of ＂＋＋＂ type--cultivars Fyedorovskiy, Marens, Uspikh, as well as, self-incompatible forms 5C, 15C-10, 32C-10 and the original sterile form of mutant origin were used. Viability in stigmas of the pistil lasted 3-7 days, in the forms of ＂＋0＂, ＂＋＋＂ type, 7-15 days in the cultivars and forms of ＂0＋＂, ＂00＂ type, 14-21 days in the self-incompatible and sterile forms. A fast loss of sensitivity to pollen by pistil＇s stigma was observed in the forms of＂＋0＂ and ＂＋＋＂ types. On the contrary, in self-incompatible and sterile forms was observed a gradual increase of sensitivity of pistil＇s stigma to pollination and then its gradual fall. A maximum of sensitivity of a pistil＇s stigma to pollen in ＂00＂ and ＂0＋＂ forms was on the 3rd-6th day after castration.展开更多
Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design （CCRD） for K = 3 were used to investigate the combined effect of blanching time （0-1 min）, processing time （10-30 min） and sodium metabisulphi...Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design （CCRD） for K = 3 were used to investigate the combined effect of blanching time （0-1 min）, processing time （10-30 min） and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration （0%-2%） on vitamin C content, hardness （texture）, microbial count and color intensity of green pepper （Capsicum sinensis） during canning. Blanching, processing time and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration all had variable effects on the vitamin C, microbial quality and sensory characteristics of the canned green peppers. Significant （P 〈 0.05） interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients （78.7%-97.0%）. Increasing processing time caused significant decreases in vitamin C and microbial load of the product. However, salt concentration had only marginal and insignificant effect on the vitamin C content of the canned product. Sensory evaluation on the product showed that both the pre-processing conditions and of blanching and salt concentrations, and the processing time had varied effects on the color and hardness of the products. Hardness of the canned products generally decreased with increasing processing time and blanching time, while only minimal and insignificant effects were noted with blanching time. Increasing blanching time caused significant increasing retention of the dark green color of the peppers with only slight but insignificant increases noted with processing time, while increases in salt concentration consistently reduced the dark green color of the products. The optimum pre-processing and processing conditions that yielded products with high preference and consumer-acceptability were： blanching time of 0 min, processing time of 10 min and sodium metabisulphite concentration of 0.2%.展开更多
基金Supported by Xinjiang Uygur Nationality Autonomous Region Science and Technology Project(201130102-1)Xinjiang Uygur Nationality Autonomous Region Key Subjects of Pomology~~
文摘[Objective] The primary aims of this study were to understand the characteristic of floralorgan development in ‘Dongxing＇, and analyze its differences with other apricot varieties. [Method] Floral organ morphology, pollen quantity, pollen viability and stigma receptivityof ‘Dongxing＇ and other apricot varieties were observed and measured. [Result] The ratio between the medium style and long style of‘Dongxing＇ was 82.4%, and the ratio of pistillode was lower than that in the other apricot varieties. Its pollen quantity was 32 183.2 grains per flower, and was fewer than the others. The pollen germination of ‘Dongxing＇ in optimum medium（1% agar ＋15% sucrose ＋ 0.01% boric acid） was 53.0%, i.e. its pollen viability was low. The pollen viability increased at first and then decreased following the period of the bud stage to flowering stage, and pollen viability reached maximum value at the 1st d after flowering. Meanwhile the stored pollen viability continuously decreased with the extension of storage time, and pollen viability of the both vivo or vitro stored was decreased to the half of the maximum value at the 3rdd after flowering or storage.The stigma receptivity of ‘ongxing＇ enhanced at first then weakened, maximum stigma receptivity was found at the period of 2 h to 4 h after flowering. The optimum time for artificial pollination was 1 h to 8 h after flowering and it was shorter than the other apricot varieties was. [Conclusion] The ratio between the medium style and long style of ‘Dongxing＇ was higher than the other apricot varieties, while the pollen viability of ‘Dongxing＇ on the contrary. Its pollen viability reached maximum value at the 1st d after flowering and the optimum time for artificial pollination was1 h to 8h after flowering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31172117)the Graduate Student Innovation Research Projects of Anhui University(Grant No.yqh100118)the Anhui Academic and Technical Leader Fund
文摘The loss and degradation of wetlands have adversely affected waterbirds, which depend on wetland habitats. Interspecific competition has an important effect on habitat utilization of wintering waterbirds. Resource utilization, including partitioning, in degraded wetlands has become a hot issue in ecological studies of wintering waterbirds. In order to have an insight into the habitat utilization and resource partitioning between a Hooded Crane(Grus monacha) population and the guild of three goose species, i.e., Anser fabalis, A. albifrons and A. erythropus wintering in lake wetlands, we carried out a study at Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve from November 2011 to April 2012. We surveyed the Hooded Cranes and goose guild foraging in various habitats during the wintering periods with a combined method of fixed route searching and fixed site observations. Resource partitioning was studied by means of calculating habitat utilization rates and the width and overlap of spatial niches. The results showed that the habitat utilization rate and the width of spatial niches of the Hooded Crane population and goose guild shifted with the season. The habitat utilization rates of the cranes in grasslands were high at all three wintering stages. The habitat utilization rates were 0.454, 0.435 and 0.959 respectively for the Hooded Cranes and 0.627, 0.491 and 0.616 for the goose guild. This suggests that the overlap in grasslands was higher between cranes and goose guild. Most habitats were accessible at the middle stage, so the width of the spatial niche of the cranes(1.099) and goose guild(1.133) both reached their peak at this stage. The greatest niche overlap was 0.914 for these two groups at the late stage, followed by 0.906 at the middle stage and the smallest was 0.854 at the early stage. Ecological response to the changes in habitats of wintering waterbirds was clearly shown in the dynamic variations of the niche of both the Hooded Cranes and the three goose species. Coexistence among waterbirds was achieved by regulation of niche width to reduce niche overlap and relieve interspecific resource partitioning.
基金Financial support for the survey was provided by several ICF directors and the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund
文摘Poyang Lake is a very important wintering place for cranes in China and East Asia.Two crane surveys were conducted at Poyang Lake during the 2011/2012 winter,the first on 18-19 December 2011 and the second on 18-19 February 2012.The survey covered the entire Poyang Lake basin,as well as two main lakes in Jiujiang (Saicheng Hu and Chi Hu),i.e.,a total of 85 sub-lakes were surveyed.Both surveys recorded four species of cranes.The first survey on 18-19 December 2011 recorded 4577 Siberian Cranes (Grus leucogeranus),mostly in Bang Hu,Sha Hu and Dahu Chi,302 Hooded Cranes (G.monacha),885 White-naped Cranes (G.vipio) and 8408 Eurasian Cranes (G.grus),for the most part in the center of the lake basin.The second survey on 18-19 February 2012 recorded 3335 Siberian Cranes (mostly in Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (PLNR) and its surrounding areas),110 Hooded Cranes (largely in PLNR and its surrounding areas),283 White-naped Cranes (86％ in Bang Hu) and 2205 Eurasian Cranes (particularly in Duchang and Nanjishan NNR).The number of Siberian Cranes enumerated in December was 1000 more than the second count in February 2012.It is not possible to rule out double counting due to the close proximity of the main sites of the Siberian Cranes.During winters from 1998 to 2009,the average of the highest counts each winter was 3091,ranging from 2345 in 1996 to 4004 in 2002.By comparison with counts taken at other times,we therefore estimate a wintering population of Siberian Cranes of ～3800-4000 at Poyang Lake.Additional evidence will be needed to raise the world population estimate.Our more recent surveys indicate a continuing decline in the number of White-naped Cranes and an increase in Eurasian Cranes.
文摘The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and self-pollinated lines--110M-10, 127M-10, 132M-10 were studied; the forms of＂0＋＂ type--selfed lines 124-10, 221-10, 305-10; the forms of＂＋0＂ type--cultivars Victor, Janus, Emerald; forms of ＂＋＋＂ type--cultivars Fyedorovskiy, Marens, Uspikh, as well as, self-incompatible forms 5C, 15C-10, 32C-10 and the original sterile form of mutant origin were used. Viability in stigmas of the pistil lasted 3-7 days, in the forms of ＂＋0＂, ＂＋＋＂ type, 7-15 days in the cultivars and forms of ＂0＋＂, ＂00＂ type, 14-21 days in the self-incompatible and sterile forms. A fast loss of sensitivity to pollen by pistil＇s stigma was observed in the forms of＂＋0＂ and ＂＋＋＂ types. On the contrary, in self-incompatible and sterile forms was observed a gradual increase of sensitivity of pistil＇s stigma to pollination and then its gradual fall. A maximum of sensitivity of a pistil＇s stigma to pollen in ＂00＂ and ＂0＋＂ forms was on the 3rd-6th day after castration.
文摘Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design （CCRD） for K = 3 were used to investigate the combined effect of blanching time （0-1 min）, processing time （10-30 min） and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration （0%-2%） on vitamin C content, hardness （texture）, microbial count and color intensity of green pepper （Capsicum sinensis） during canning. Blanching, processing time and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration all had variable effects on the vitamin C, microbial quality and sensory characteristics of the canned green peppers. Significant （P 〈 0.05） interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients （78.7%-97.0%）. Increasing processing time caused significant decreases in vitamin C and microbial load of the product. However, salt concentration had only marginal and insignificant effect on the vitamin C content of the canned product. Sensory evaluation on the product showed that both the pre-processing conditions and of blanching and salt concentrations, and the processing time had varied effects on the color and hardness of the products. Hardness of the canned products generally decreased with increasing processing time and blanching time, while only minimal and insignificant effects were noted with blanching time. Increasing blanching time caused significant increasing retention of the dark green color of the peppers with only slight but insignificant increases noted with processing time, while increases in salt concentration consistently reduced the dark green color of the products. The optimum pre-processing and processing conditions that yielded products with high preference and consumer-acceptability were： blanching time of 0 min, processing time of 10 min and sodium metabisulphite concentration of 0.2%.
