用气象卫星资料监测冬麦长势和估测产量的研究

利用１９９２、１９９３年的气象卫星资料，分析植被指数与甘肃省冬麦区３３个县市冬麦产量的关系，发现绿峰植被指数与产量存在极好的相关性。另外，从预测产量的角度和预报时限要求出发，可用４月中下旬累积植被指数预测冬麦产量，并给出了预报方程。

不同植物生长调节剂对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

为考察不同植物生长调节剂对农作物生长状况及产量的影响,以氨基寡糖素、复硝酚钠和胺鲜酯为处理药剂,以复合肥(18-15-12)为药剂载体,于冬小麦播种前底施于土壤,测定了不同生育时期冬小麦的株高、主根长、须根数、分蘖数、叶片数、顶节长、穗长、旗叶长、颖果数等指标。结果表明:氨基寡糖素在冬小麦前期能促苗生根,中期能促叶、增加分蘖数,提高冬小麦产量;复硝酚钠主要表现在中后期能促进冬小麦株高和旗叶的生长;胺鲜酯在冬小麦前期对茎叶、须根数,在中期对顶节长、颖果数具有促进作用,但后期对顶节长、旗叶长和颖果数有抑制作用;复硝酚钠和胺鲜酯均会降低冬小麦产量。

甘肃省陇东南9～10月的干旱

甘肃省陇东南９～１０月的干旱林纾章克俭（兰州中心气象台７３００２０）引言陇东南４地市（庆阳、平凉、天水和陇南）是甘肃省的主要冬麦区，也是典型的雨水给养农业区。在整个冬麦区全生育期（９月～次年６月）平均降水量为３３９．８ｍｍ，其中前期９～１０月为１３８...

Effects of Seaweed Bio-organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of seaweed bio-or- ganic fertilizer on yield and quality of winter wheat. [Method] Seaweed bio-organic fertilizer was applied to leaves of winter wheat according to the dose of 45 kg/hm^2 from jointing stage to maturing stage, and plant height, dry matter accumulation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat were investigated. [Result] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer showed little effect on plant height of winter wheat, thickened stems, promoted dry matter accumulation, in- creased flag leaf photosynthetic rate by 3.16%, and increased yield of winter wheat by 6.85%. [Conclusion] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the intelligent growth, thickened the stems, improved the lodging resistance, significantly increased the panicle weight per plant, and increased the bulk density of winter wheat, as well as improving the physical quality of wheat grain. In addition, foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll and mitigated the decomposition of chlorophyll in winter wheat. Under the background of fertilizer-pesticide double reduction, the test results and data of this study can be promoted in the wheat-growing areas of Shandong Province and even whole China.

Effects of Irrigation on Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield of Strong Gluten Wheat

[Objective] The aim was to provide reference for the field irrigation management of high yield and quality cultivation of strong gluten wheat.[Method]Under field conditions,the effects of irrigation times on nitrogen metabolism and yield of strong gluten wheat cultivar zhengmai 9023 were studied.[Result]The results indicated that NR activity,Chlorophyll and nitrogen content in flag leaf increased with irrigation times,and the irrigation treatment had obvious advantages during middle filling stage.Grain protein content showed ＂V＂ type change with grain filling going on,and protein content decreased when irrigation times going on.There was significant difference among treatments during early stage of grain filling,and the difference became smaller in the late grain filling stage.The grain yield and protein yield increased but the protein content decreased with increasing of irrigation times.[Conclusion] Increasing irrigation times properly could improve grain yield and protein yield per unit area,but reduce the grain protein content.

Effects of Continuous Nitrogen Application on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System

[Objective] This study aimed to achieve high yield and stable yield of win- ter wheat-summer maize rotation system and provide basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. [Method] Effects of continuous nitrogen application on grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, and soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system were investigated. [Re- sult] Nitrogen application could significantly increase the y（eld of the winter wheat- summer maize rotation system, which increased by 17.76%-30.32% and 22.24%- 46.63% in two rotation cycles, respectively. The yield of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was the maximum in two rotation cycles with nitrogen appli- cation amount of 660.0 kg/hm2, which reached respectively 23 391.19 and 23 444.35 kg/hm2, the yield and economic benefit were the highest, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was 22.2% and 30.7%, the agronomic efficiency was 8.3 and 11.3 kg/kg. However, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency between ni- trogen application amount of 540.0 and 660.0 kg/hm2 showed no significant differ- ence. After two rotation cycles, inorganic nitrogen accumulation in 0-40 cm soil with nitrogen application amount of 540.0 kg/hm2 was almost equal to that before experi- ment. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, comprehensively considering the grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and soil inorganic nitro- gen balance, the optimal nitrogen application amount was 625.3-660.0 kg/hm2 in high-yield winter wheat-summer maize rotation system.

Effects of Planting Pattern and Meteorological Factors on Yield of Ryegrass Planted in Fallow Fields

The aim was to research effects of meteorological factors on yield of ryegrass in fal ow field in winter. [Method] With grass yield as a dependent variable, effects of meteorological factors on ryegrass yield were explored by differ-ent planting methods. [Result] The yield of Zuanshi T was higher than that of Tegao; strip sowing performed better compared with dispersedly sowing and plough-ing better than no-til age; extremely high and low temperatures showed negative correlation with grass yield; higher daily average temperature, rainfal and sunshine hour improved grass yield; relative humidity and frost-free period had insignificant effects on yield. [Conclusion] The region with less extreme temperatures should be chosen as the site for growing ryegrass.

Relation between Yields of Wheat Varieties Mainly Popularized in Different Eras and Soil Fertility in Shandong Province

[Objective] This study was conducted to guide wheat production, variety breeding and extension. [Method] The evolution of agronomic traits and correlation between yield and agronomic traits of wheat varieties mainly popularized in different eras were investigated under high and low soil fertility conditions. [Result] Under dif- ferent soil conditions, there was a yield increasing trend, and the yield increasing degrees of varieties popularized in different eras were different. Soil fertility had no remarkable effects on grain number per spike, spike number, and yields of varieties popularized in the 1950s and the 1960s, while the differences in other indexes all reached the significant level. The interaction between fertility and variety had a greater effect on spike number. Under different soil fertility conditions, there were positive correlation between yield components, and the correlation coefficients were in order of spike number 〉 1 000-grain weight 〉 grain number per spike. Soil fertili- ty remarkably affected spike length and spikelet number. [Conclusion] High fertility could promote the coordinated growth of yield components.

Effect of Copper, Zinc and Boron on Green Leaf Retention and Grain Yield of Winter and Spring Cereals

Crop nutrition has a significant effect on disease incidence, resistance or tolerance of various crops. There is currently a lack of reliable recent UK-based research about the effect of copper, zinc and boron on disease incidence, green leaf area （GLA）, green leaf retention （GLR） and grain yield of winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley. Data analysis showed that these trace elements had positive effects on GLR. These positive effects may have been due to the role of copper, zinc and boron in the production of defence related compounds （phenolics and lignin）, which may have reduced the disease incidence resulting in prolonged GLR. Grain yield was significantly enhanced by the application of these trace elements on the crop grown on high pH calcareous soil, which can be partly attributed to enhanced GLR. Also trace elements have a positive role in reproductive growth, flowering and male fertility. On average, zinc was found to be the most consistent trace element in terms of enhancing GLR and grain yield. Across all trials, it was noted that for every 10% increase in GLA from trace elements, grain yields increased by 4.2% in 2012-2013, by 4.4% in 2013-2014 in winter wheat and by 3.9% in spring wheat in 2014. These are remarkably consistent and indicate that increasing GLA by 10% by early dough stage was associated with a yield improvement of about 4%. These trace elements also had a positive effect on grain protein content （GPC）. This research concluded that the trace elements had positive effects in enhancing GLA and yield. It can be speculated that with the use of these trace elements, there may be more scope for using less robust or reduced rates of fungicides to control foliar diseases, which may help to maximize farm profits.

Fields experiments in North China show no decrease in winter wheat yields with night temperature increased by 2.0-2.5°C

The trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature in global warming indicated that the daily minimum temperature （Tmin） has risen more than twice as fast as the daily maximum temperature （Tmax） during the 20th century. Most researchers have focused on how the crops respond to daily mean temperature, whereas few controlled experiments were carried out to in- vestigate how the crops respond to the Train rise. In particular, no experiment research has reported on how crops respond to the higher night temperature, which was the main trend in the climate warming. Taking winter wheat as the test crop, we investi- gated how the winter wheat growth and yields responded to the higher night temperature. In the field experiments, infrared heaters were used to increase higher night temperature （HNT） by about 2.5℃ in contrast to the normal night temperature （CK） in two whole growth durations of winter wheat in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 in North China. The results indicated that, com- pared to the CK treatment, winter wheat yield did not decline in HNT treatment, which increased temperatures by 2.0-2.5℃ in both Wanner year （WY） and Colder year （CY）. Furthermore, winter wheat yield in CY increased significantly in HNT treatment. HNT treatment in CY could significantly promote tillering and increase the effective panicles, which increased grain yield significantly （by more than 30% compared with CK）. HNT treatment in CY contributed to an increase in the effective panicles and Kernels significantly, although making a significant reduction in 1000-grain weight, but did not lead to the yield decline. Under the HNT treatment, the whole growth duration of the winter wheat was shortened and the phenological dates were earlier except for the beginning of overwintering; the beginnings of the overwintering phase were postponed substantially and the ends of the overwintering phase were ahead of date compared to CK, which shortened the duration of overwintering considerably. We draw on our own studies to show examples of higher night temperature impact on winter wheat in a relative- ly cold year and relatively warm year in North China. Our results refer to winter wheat in North China, not all main winter wheat producing regions, in Huang-Huai and Southwest of China. Some uncertainties of our predictions derive from fast pro- gress in crop breeding, the variability of climate, and the role of adaptive actions in the future. As expected, the adaptation measures should be considered to cope with the impacts of global warming on crops, and further research and assessments should be conducted.

Assessing Nitrogen Fertilization Strategies in Winter Wheat and Cotton Crops in Northern Greece

The management of fertilizer application is crucial for agricultural production and environmental safety. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of different fertilization strategies, applying fertilizers with and without nitrification inhibitors （NIs） in split application, in Greece. The assessment criteria used were based on crop yield, soil nitrogen （N） concentrations and economic efficiency. For this purpose two crops （winter wheat and cotton） were selected in order to explore the optimum fertilization strategy for each crop. Three treatments combining fertilizers with NIs were tested compared with conventional fertilization （CF）. Slight differences in the quantity and the combination of fertilizers with NIs applied resulted in variable effects on crop yield, soil N and economic return. Split N application of 102 kg ha^（-1）, with half of the total amount applied at seeding, resulted in higher grain yield of winter wheat, lower NO3-N in soil and higher economic return. This result reveals the importance of N application at seeding in wheat crop. Fertilization strategy with 109.5 kg N ha^（-1） and split P application resulted in higher cotton yield and higher economic profit. Split P application seemed to increase yield, even though it is not a common practise in the area.