冬麦品种丰产53-1多穗麦试验初报

1997年,我团种植的冬麦品种多穗麦,经提纯复壮和试验,该品种不但增产潜力大,稳产性能良好,有较强的抗倒伏能力和抗病能力。它用种量少,分蘖多,具有成本低、产量高、效果好等优点,在荒地种植平均666.7米~2产小麦530千克,熟地种植700～800千克,值得在我区大面积推广。现将该品种的生育特性、产量结构、品质鉴定、栽培要点介绍如下。(一)品种特性丰产53-1多穗麦属多花多粒大穗型,有芒冬性品种;穗长8.5厘米,穗型棒状,小穗排列紧密,成熟后口紧不易落粒;每穗50～60粒,千粒重40克以上;粒形椭圆,腹沟深,半角质,籽粒呈红色;分蘖极强,分蘖最多60蘖,分蘖成穗率占总分蘖数的20%

新疆不同冬小麦籽粒性状与磨粉品质研究

本研究选用新疆60个不同硬度类型冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究其籽粒特性、磨粉品质及二者的关系。结果表明:不同硬度类型冬小麦品种中,硬质小麦籽粒硬度值最高为66.64;混合型小麦千粒重和粒径最大,分别为43.37 g和3.02 mm;软质小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量最高,为16.68%。3种不同硬度类型小麦品种的籽粒硬度和面粉a值变异系数分别>10和>25。相关分析表明,混合型小麦中的籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白及软质小麦中籽粒性状与磨粉品质均关系密切。因此,在冬小麦品种籽粒和磨粉品质改良中要注重提高籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白质含量,降低灰分,同时还应改良面粉色泽。

Effects of Low Temperature on Freezing Injury of Various Winter Wheat Cultivars at Different Sowing Time

Freezing injury is one of the major disasters for the production of winter wheat in the North China Plain, which leads to a significant decrease of wheat yield. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of subfreezing temperature on freezing injury of various winter wheat cultivars at different sowing time. Three wheat cultivars, including Zhengmai 9023, Wanmai 48 and Wanmai 50, were sowed on 25 September and 5 October, respectively. Plant anatomy was applied to investi- gate the impact of subfreezing temperature on cells of three wheat cultivars, results showed that severe plasmolysis occurred in wheat sowed earlier suddenly encoun- tered subfreezing temperature without cold acclimation, compared with wheat sowed at proper sowing time. The degree of plasmolysis of different cultivars and tissues of wheat had significant differences and showed positive correlation with subfreezing temperature. Wanmai 50 had the highest cold resistance compared with Zhengmai 9023 and Wanmai 48, and there was no significant difference between Zhengmai 9023 and Wanmai 48. This study concluded that wheat cold resistance may be im- proved by adopting proper cultivars and sowing dates.

Breeding of New Winter Wheat Variety Nongda No.399

The winter wheat variety Nongda No. 399 was developed by Agriculture and Biotechnology College of China Agricultural University and Hebei Jincheng Seed Corporation Ltd. with the characteristics of high yield, high-resistance and wide adaptation. The variety is suitable for direct seeding in the winter wheat planting area of the central and southern Hebei Province.

Changes of Gas Exchanges in Leaves of Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Released in Different Years

Three winter wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum L.), representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental condition, and their physiological features were investigated. Daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (P-n), transpiration (T-r) in different growth stages were measured in order to find the relationship between leaf photosynthesis and yield. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf was calculated from P-n/T-r. It is suggested that relationship between photosynthetic rate and yield changed with the developing stages of wheat. High yield wheat cultivar Jingdong 8 (released in the 1990s) had a higher photosynthetic rate ( the maximal P-n increased by 77%) and transpiration rate (the maximal T-r increased by 69%), but a lower WUE than the low yield cultivar Yanda 1817 (released in the 1940s) during the day time at stem elongation stage. However; difference of P-n among the three cultivars changed with wheat growth process. Before 10 o'clock P-n in leaves of Jingdong 8 usually was the highest of the three cultivars, but P-n of Yanda 1817 was the highest after 10 o'clock. At dough ripe stage, P-n in leaves of Yanda. 1817 was the highest among the three cultivars during the whole day. The difference of changing trend of transpiration in three wheat cultivars was similar to P,, but WUE of Yanda 1817 was the highest in those three cultivars, indicating that the higher yield of Jingdong 8 was achieved via a greater consumption of water. Contrary to the cultivars released in the later period, midday depression of photosynthesis was small in Yanda 1817, which might suggest that Yanda 1817 was resistant to photoinhibition. It is possible that photosynthetic potential in leaves of wheat increased as wheat cultivars was improved over the past six decades. However, it became less resistant to photoinhibition.

The Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat during 2012-2100 under A2 and A1B Scenarios in China

By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate projections under SRES A2 and A1B scenarios from 2012 to 2100, respectively. The results indicate that the growth of winter wheat would be strongly influenced by climate change in future. The average flowering and maturity dates of winter wheat would advance by 26 and 27 days under scenario A2, and by 23 and 24 days respectively under scenario A1B from 2012 to 2100. The simulated potential productivity of winter wheat shows a decrease of 14.3% and 12.5% for scenarios A2 and A1B respectively without the fertilization effect of CO2, while an increase of 1.3% and 0.6% with the fertilization effect of CO2. Additionally, for northern China, the simulated potential productivity would markedly decrease under both scenarios, independent with the fertilization effect of CO2, which indicates that the current planted winter wheat would be more vulnerable than that in southern China. The most likely reason is the current winter wheat varieties in northern China are winter varieties or strong winter varieties, which need some days of low temperature for dormancy. While in southern China, the winter wheat is spring or half winter varieties and can grow slowly during winter, thus, they would be affected slightly when winter temperature increases. The results of this study may have important implications for adaptation measures.

Screening Winter Wheat Germplasm for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance

58 winter wheat breeding lines and 4 widely popularized varieties in Huaihe River wheat production regions of Anhui were used to screen resistant germplasms to Fusarium head blight. Incidence, disease index, percentage of infected kernels and DON content in the kernels were measured for each variety or line following artificial inoculation of Fusarium spp. pathogens. Reactions of wheat to Fusarium infection varied among genotypes and different types of resistance. The incidence of infection for each variety or line highly correlated to the severity of colonization after infection. DON content was more correlated to the percentage of kernels infected than to the overall incidence or severity. The selected control varieties were all susceptible to FHB, while seven breeding lines demonstrated good resistant performance. New FHB resistant winter wheat varieties appealing to the actual needs are expected from them.

Eight-Regularity of Types of Crop Capacity Structure of Winter Wheat

The elements of crop capacity structure of 13 summer characteristics in 33 winter wheat varieties, qualitative three-regularity and quantitative eight-regularity are investigated through the application of systematic approach. The principle of triadness applied in a language, in a genetic code and other codes is used, i.e. the logic homology is employed. The purpose are （1） to show the use of a systematic approach to the analysis of elements of crop capacity structure of winter wheat; （2） to analyze efficiency, the years of harvests and winter hardiness; （3） to find the way of selection and varieties assessment in terms of the elements efficiency. The quantitative compatibility as the highest with the sign ＂＋＂ and the lowest with the sign ＂-＂ in terms of elements efficiency gives eight types of crop capacities. The type of crop capacity structure ＂＋＋＋＂ can serve as a full （higher） measure of a variety adaptableness and optimality of technologies. The triad of three characteristics as a type-＂＋＋＋＂ in which the first sign is the quantity of ears （QE）; the second is a quantity of grains （QG）; the third is the weight of grains （WG） creates the highest level of crop capacity.

Harmfulness of Leaf Miners （Agromyzidae） on Winter Wheat Plantations in Poland

The aim of the study was to determine the harmfulness of leaf miners and their species composition on winter wheat for the improvement of methods to control them. In order to determine the dates of the treatments, it was necessary to catch adult flies. The researchers used yellow 25 x 40 cm sticky traps placed on three control plots to catch the adults. Monitoring of cereal leaf miners flights in winter wheat was carried out in Babor6wko （greater Poland voivodeship）. Yellow traps were placed above the tops of wheat during vegetation period. The number of damaged wheat stems was recorded. Fluctuations in weather conditions during the research affected the dynamics of leaf miner flies considerably. The maximum flights of leaf miner flies on winter wheat crops in years of the studies took place in May. The dynamics of leaf miners flights were different in growing season 2008 and 2009. The most common species were： Chromatomyia nigra （Ztt.）, Chromatomyia fuscula （Ztt.） and Poemyza superciliosa （Ztt.）. It was also discovered that the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging the winter wheat, changes in particular years. The results differ from the results of the previous research, which the dominant species were Phytomyza nigra （Mg.） and Agromyza ambiqua （FII.）.