A preliminary study of cryosphere service function and value evaluation

Cryosphere science research and development(R&D) has been strongly committed to public service, integrating natural sciences with socioeconomic impacts. Owing to the current shift from purely natural cryosphere scientific research to linking cryosphere science with socioeconomic and cultural science, cross-disciplinary research in this field is emerging, which advocates future cryosphere science research in this field. Utilizing the cryosphere service function(CSF), this study establishes CSF and its value evaluation system. Cryosphere service valuation can benefit the decisionmakers' and public's awareness of environmental protection. Implementing sustainable CSF utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection will have profound and practical significance as well as avoid environmental degradation while pursuing short-term economic profits and achieving rapid economic development.

Brown carbon in the cryosphere： Current knowledge and perspective

Recently, the light-absorbing organic carbon, i.e., brown carbon(Br C), has received an increasing attention, because they could significantly absorb the solar radiation in the range of short wavelengths rather than the purely scattering effect. Br C is ubiquitous in the troposphere. It could undergo long range transport within the atmospheric circulation. After the deposition on the surface of snow or ice in the cryospheric region, as the major light absorbing impurities with black carbon and dust, Br C could reduce the snow albedo and accelerate the glacier melting. In this context, this paper summarized the current knowledge of Br C(in aerosols and snow) in the cryospheric regions including the Arctic, Antarctic,and Alpines. Although some works have been conducted in those region, the current dataset on the optical properties of Br C like Absorption?ngstr€om Exponent(AAE) and Mass Absorption Efficiency(MAE) is still limited, which hampers stimulating an accurate evaluation of its climate effects. Especially in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, where very limited information concerning Br C is available. Considering biomass burning as a dominant source of Br C, a large amount of emissions from biomass burning in South Asia could reach the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, where the climate effect of Br C merits more investigation in the future.

Key Issues on Cryospheric Changes,Trends and Their Impacts

On the basis of analyzing the importance of cryospheric researches in China and current status of cryospheric sciences in the world, this paper addresses key issues and main contents of present cryospheric sciences in China. The key issues currently addressed are： i） mechanisms of different types of glaciers in response to climate change and the scale-conversion in water resources assessments; ii） modeling of water and heat exchanges between frozen soil and vegetation; iii） parameterization of physical processes in cryosphere as well as coupling with climate models. To gain full clarification of these key issues, works of the following three aspects should be highlighted, i.e., cryospheric processes and responses to climate change, influences of cryospheric changes, and adaptation strategies for cryospheric changes.

Public Perceptions of Cryosphere Change and the Selection of Adaptation Measures in the rmqi River Basin

This study focuses on the characters of public perceptions on climate and cryosphere change,which are based on a questionnaire survey in the(U|¨)r(u|¨)mqi River Basin.In comparison with scientific observation results of climate and cryosphere change,this paper analyzes the possible impact of the change on water resources and agriculture production in the area.Perceptions of most respondents on climate and cryosphere changes confirm the main objective facts.For the selection of adaptation measures addressing the shortage of water resource,the results are as follows:most people preferred to choose the measures like "policy change" and "basic facility construction" which are mostly implemented by the government and the policy-making department;some people showed more preference to the measures of avoiding unfavorable natural environment,such as finding job in or migrating to other places.The urgency of personal participation in the adaptation measures is still inadequate.Some adaptation measures should be implemented in line with local conditions and require the organic combination of "resource-development" with "water-saving".

Supernova and Nova Explosion＇s Space Weather： Correlated Megafauna Extinctions, Antarctica Ice Melts and Biosphere Mega-disturbances-Global Warming

Correlation of megafauna extinctions and mega-biosphere disturbances with past supernova explosions has been accomplished by considering a time correction for supernova debris traveling at 88.2325 percent of light speed. Supernova W44 is responsible for the Piora Oscillation which appears to be the biblical event of Noah＇s Flood. The closest supernova explosion, Vela Jr at 652 light-years, gives the beginning of the greatest historical human disaster, The Black Death. When supernova debris energy input occurs in the northern or southern hemisphere, it causes heating （global warming） in the northern or southern hemisphere, respectively. Long term cooling, the Little Ice Age, occurs in the northern hemisphere when the incoming debris of exploding stars impacts only the southern hemisphere for hundreds of years. Termination of the last ice age results due to melting of numerous supernova impacts that correlate time of impact by changing sea level and geothermal energy released for 2,800 years from the exit crater of Dr. J. Kennet＇s nano-diamond meteor theory and part of the process involves Dr. O＇Keefe＇s tektite theory. Correlation of Dr Frezzotti＇s ice melt Antarctica data with supernova impact times over the past 800 years establishes the Global Warming model in conjunction with the November 2016 Antarctic sea ice melt.

自然界7种怪异冰结构

冰圈:冰圈或者冰盘形成于河流转弯处,当水面上形成一层冰时,下面加速水流会产生“旋转切变”,将一大块冰分解并旋转,直到形成一个圆。然后就一直保持在那里,冰圈在河湾中缓慢地旋转。“忏悔者冰钉”:在安第斯山脉,13000英尺高处存在着一种“冰钉”,它是由冰和雪构成的。高度从1~2英寸至16英尺不等。该结构命名源自西班牙语“penitentes”,因为这种冰钉结构像西班牙圣周(复活节前一周)宗教人士戴的高尖兜帽所以命名。