三套冰晶核化参数化方案的对比分析

基于大气模式CAM5对比分析了三套基于物理过程发展而来的冰晶核化参数化方案,包括BN方案、KL方案和CAM5自带的LP方案。针对三个方案的离线测试结果表明,由LP和BN方案计算得出的冰晶数浓度随硫酸盐溶液滴的数浓度增加而明显增加,而KL方案对硫酸盐溶液滴的数浓度不敏感;CAM5模拟结果显示,这三套方案得出的云辐射强迫、冰晶数浓度及其概率分布非常相似,基本上都接近观测。但是,使用KL方案得出的全球平均云长波辐射强迫从工业革命前到当代增加0.05 W·m^(-2),明显低于LP方案的0.36 W·m^(-2)和BN方案的0.33 W·m^(-2);由此可见,选择哪个冰晶核化参数化方案不会明显影响模式对冰云的模拟性能,但对评估人为产生气溶胶的间接效应可能有显著影响。

植物的低温蛋白

综述了与植物耐冻性有关的一些植物内源蛋白质或多肽 ,包括低温防护蛋白、抗冻蛋白、植物脱水素、膜关联耐冻性多肽蛋白质。结果表明 ,植物的耐冻性与其低温蛋白 (cold induced proteins)有着密切的关系 ,并指出了抗冻蛋白行使功能的两种可能的作用方式。同时 ,耐冻性与除低温外的其它环境胁迫因子的植物抗性如抗干旱、抗病虫、高盐耐性。

冰啤酒生产的结晶工艺介绍

阐述了冰啤酒酿造原理 ,揭示了啤酒工艺流程与质量控制指标。并就冰啤酒技术要点作了理论探讨。

冰啤酒的生产工艺

前言:冰啤酒是一种将原啤酒进行有限度的冰晶化处理,并进一步强化冷混浊物去除而得的风味更加柔和,外观更清澈透明,口感更清爽、纯正,且非生物稳定性好的优良啤酒。下面就冰啤生产的后处理工艺作些探讨,不妥之处敬请同行指正。1.生产冰啤酒的工艺流程(如图所示)

Electrical conductivity and viscosity of cryolite electrolytes for solar grade silicon(Si-SoG) electrowinning

Electrical conductivity of molten binary and ternary mixtures based on the system NaF-AlF3-SiO2 was investigated by means of a tube–cell （made of pyrolytic boron nitride） with stationary electrodes. Viscosity of the binary system Na3AlF6-SiO2 was measured by computerized torsion pendulum method. It was found that conductivity and viscosity varied linearly with temperature in all investigated mixtures. Obtained content dependence of electrical conductivity （isotherms） was divided into two parts. First, one represented the content region up to 10%（mole fraction） of SiO2;second, the region was with a higher content of SiO2 （from 10%up to 40%）. While the conductivity considerably decreased with content of SiO2 in the second part; it surprisingly rose in the low content range. A small addition of SiO2 to the molten cryolite （up to 10%） could slightly increase viscosity, but had no influence on the slope of this dependence since it is responsible for a glassy-networks formation in the melt. Further addition of SiO2 to the molten cryolite had a huge effect on the viscosity.

Anodic process on Cu-Al alloy in KF-AlF3-Al2O3 melts and suspensions

Anodic processes on Cu-10 Al electrode in molten KF-AlF3-Al2O3(saturated) and suspensions were characterized using chronopotentiometric and cyclic voltammetric techniques. Effects of cryolite ratio(CR= x(KF)/x(AlF3)), temperature and particle volume fraction(φ) on the electrochemical behaviour of the anode were demonstrated. Initially, the anode was polarised in the galvanostatic mode in melt and suspensions(φ=0.12, 0.15) at 750 ℃ with 0.4 A/cm^2 current density. The anode potential in melt varied between 2.5 and 3.2 V and in suspensions(φ= 0.12) between 3.3 and 3.4 V. XRD analysis was conducted to study the oxide phases on the anode surface. Anode limiting current densities and mass transfer coefficients drastically decreased with the increase of φ in the suspension. The results suggest that the Cu-10 Al electrode works better in suspensions with CR of 1.4 and particle volume fraction of 0.09 at 800 ℃.

Textural and Geochemical Characteristics of Proglacial Sediments: A Case Study in the Foreland of the Nelson Ice Cap, Antarctica

This paper presents a detailed study on the textural and geochemical characteristics of the proglacial sediments near the edge of modern Nelson Ice Cap, Antarctica. The grain size distributions of the proglacial sediments are characteristic of glacigenic deposits, but very different from those of aeolian and lacustrine sediments. Moreover, the grain size distributions of the proglacial sediments are fractal with a dimension of about 2.9, and the fractal dimensions can be used as another summary statistical parameter for quantifying the relative amounts of coarse and fine materials. Correlations between the absolute element abundances of the proglacial sediments are very weak due to mineral partitioning and other effects of glacial processes, but correlations between the element/Rb ratios are statistically significant. This finding indicates that element/Rb ratios can be used to reduce or eliminate the effects of glacial processes, evaluate geochemical data and determine the sediment provenance in the foreland of Antarctic glacier. Comparisons on the element concentrations among different environments suggest that the proglacial sediments are derived predominantly from local bedrocks and appear to be natural in origin. Thus these natural sediments can be used to study chemical weathering in the proglacial foreland of modern glacier.

Dissolution rate determination of alumina in molten cryolite-based aluminum electrolyte

Determination of dissolution rate of alumina is one of the classical problems in aluminum electrolysis. A novel method which can measure the dissolution rate of alumina was presented. Effect of factors on dissolution rate of alumina was studied intuitively and roundly using transparent quartz electrobath and image analysis techniques. Images about dissolution process of alumina were taken at an interval of fixed time from transparent quartz electrobath of double rooms. Gabor wavelet transforms were used for extracting and describing the texture features of each image. After subsampling several times, the dissolution rate of alumina was computed using these texture features in local neighborhood of samples. Regression equation of the dissolution rate of alumina was obtained using these dissolution rates. Experiments show that the regression equation of the dissolution rate of alumina is y=-0.000 5x^3＋0.024 0x^2-0.287 3x＋ 1.276 7 for Na3AIF6-AIF3-Al2O3-CaF2-LiF- MgF2 system at 920 ℃.

冰啤酒的研制与开发

通过对糖化工艺的改进,探讨合理的发酵工艺及冰啤生产条件,利用冰啤生产设备,对啤酒进行冰晶化处理,开发适合我国国情的冰啤酒。