正1、引言安全是相对的,所以有人把安全定义为能将人员伤亡或财产损失控制在可接受的水平状态,对安全程度的高要求往往意味着昂贵的成本,但另一方面安全又是降低成本的最好方式。ALARP准则认为,任何工业活动都具有风险,不可能通过预防...正1、引言安全是相对的,所以有人把安全定义为能将人员伤亡或财产损失控制在可接受的水平状态,对安全程度的高要求往往意味着昂贵的成本,但另一方面安全又是降低成本的最好方式。ALARP准则认为,任何工业活动都具有风险,不可能通过预防措施来彻底消除风险,必须在风险水平与利益之间做出平衡,因此它也被称为最低合理可行(As Low As ReasonablyPracticale)准则,剑桥大学Fischhoff在1981年出版的《可接受风险》(Acceptable Risk)一书中就专门探讨了可接受风险,主张接受风险不是无条件的,仅仅在获得利益可以补偿所带来的损失时才是可以接受的。展开更多
In the analysis of a structure subjected to an explosion event, the determination of the blast load constitutes a crucial step. The effect of the blast load on the structure depends not only on the peak shock overpres...In the analysis of a structure subjected to an explosion event, the determination of the blast load constitutes a crucial step. The effect of the blast load on the structure depends not only on the peak shock overpressure, but also the impulse (hence the duration). For structures with a regular geometry, the blast load may be fairly well estimated using appropriate empirical formulae; however, for more complex situations, a direct simulation using appropriate computational techniques is necessary. This paper presents a numerical simulation study on the prediction of the blast load in free air using a hydrocode, with focus on the sensitivity of the simulated blast load to the mesh grid size. The simulation results are compared with empirical predictions. It is found that the simulated blast load is sensitive to the mesh size, especially in the close-in range, and with a practically affordable mesh grid density, the blast load tends to be systematically underestimated. The study is extended to internal blast cases. An example concrete slab under internal explosion is analyzed using a coupled analysis scheme. The internal blast load from the simulation is examined and the response of the RC slab is commented.展开更多
A model roadway with a cross-sectional area of 80 mm 80 mm and a length of 100 m was used to estimate the overpressure, the temperature, the density, and the combustion rate during an explosion. Auto-ReaGas software w...A model roadway with a cross-sectional area of 80 mm 80 mm and a length of 100 m was used to estimate the overpressure, the temperature, the density, and the combustion rate during an explosion. Auto-ReaGas software was used for the calculations and the initial temperatures were 248, 268, 308, or 328 K. The methaneair mixture had a fuel concentration of 9.5% and the tunnel had a filling ratio of 10%. The results show that the safe distance necessary to avoid harm from the shock wave increases with increasing initial temperature. The distance where the peak overpressure begins to rise, and where the maximum value occurs, increases as the initial temperature increases. These are almost linear functions of the initial temperature. At locations before shock wave attenuation has occurred increasing the initial temperature linearly increases the maximum temperature at each point following along the tunnel. At the same time, the peak overpressure, the maximum density, and the maximum combustion rate decrease linearly. How-ever, after the shock wave has attenuated the attenuation extent of the peak overpressure decreases with an increase in initial temperature. The influence of the initial temperature on the explosion propagation depends on the combined effects of inhibiting and enhancing factors. The research results can provide a theoretical guidance for gas explosion disaster relief and treatment in underground coal mines.展开更多
文摘正1、引言安全是相对的,所以有人把安全定义为能将人员伤亡或财产损失控制在可接受的水平状态,对安全程度的高要求往往意味着昂贵的成本,但另一方面安全又是降低成本的最好方式。ALARP准则认为,任何工业活动都具有风险,不可能通过预防措施来彻底消除风险,必须在风险水平与利益之间做出平衡,因此它也被称为最低合理可行(As Low As ReasonablyPracticale)准则,剑桥大学Fischhoff在1981年出版的《可接受风险》(Acceptable Risk)一书中就专门探讨了可接受风险,主张接受风险不是无条件的,仅仅在获得利益可以补偿所带来的损失时才是可以接受的。
文摘In the analysis of a structure subjected to an explosion event, the determination of the blast load constitutes a crucial step. The effect of the blast load on the structure depends not only on the peak shock overpressure, but also the impulse (hence the duration). For structures with a regular geometry, the blast load may be fairly well estimated using appropriate empirical formulae; however, for more complex situations, a direct simulation using appropriate computational techniques is necessary. This paper presents a numerical simulation study on the prediction of the blast load in free air using a hydrocode, with focus on the sensitivity of the simulated blast load to the mesh grid size. The simulation results are compared with empirical predictions. It is found that the simulated blast load is sensitive to the mesh size, especially in the close-in range, and with a practically affordable mesh grid density, the blast load tends to be systematically underestimated. The study is extended to internal blast cases. An example concrete slab under internal explosion is analyzed using a coupled analysis scheme. The internal blast load from the simulation is examined and the response of the RC slab is commented.
基金provided by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011CB201205)the National Natural Science Foundation of Youth Science Foundation of China(No. 51004048)the Open Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology (No. KFJJ10-19M)
文摘A model roadway with a cross-sectional area of 80 mm 80 mm and a length of 100 m was used to estimate the overpressure, the temperature, the density, and the combustion rate during an explosion. Auto-ReaGas software was used for the calculations and the initial temperatures were 248, 268, 308, or 328 K. The methaneair mixture had a fuel concentration of 9.5% and the tunnel had a filling ratio of 10%. The results show that the safe distance necessary to avoid harm from the shock wave increases with increasing initial temperature. The distance where the peak overpressure begins to rise, and where the maximum value occurs, increases as the initial temperature increases. These are almost linear functions of the initial temperature. At locations before shock wave attenuation has occurred increasing the initial temperature linearly increases the maximum temperature at each point following along the tunnel. At the same time, the peak overpressure, the maximum density, and the maximum combustion rate decrease linearly. How-ever, after the shock wave has attenuated the attenuation extent of the peak overpressure decreases with an increase in initial temperature. The influence of the initial temperature on the explosion propagation depends on the combined effects of inhibiting and enhancing factors. The research results can provide a theoretical guidance for gas explosion disaster relief and treatment in underground coal mines.
