燃料电池-冷、热、电联产系统的经济性分析

基于冷、热、电联产的燃料电池（Fuel Cell- Based Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power, FC-CCHP）系统可以极大地满足数据中心的降温、供暖需求。同时还能为数据中心提供部分电力。对一个向数据中心供能的FC—CCHP系统进行经济性分析，建立合理的经济指标模型，并采集国内某大型数据中心的实际运行数据进行仿真研究。结果分析表明，提高能源价格比和延长FC运行寿命都会给CCHP系统带来更好的经济效益。

基于预测控制的冷、热、电联产型微电网能量管理

由于可再生能源出力特性和微电网运行约束等限制,如何进一步提高微电网中可再生能源消纳量已成为研究热点。本文在冷、热、电联产型微电网中引入用于提高可再生能源消纳量并承担部分热、冷负荷的电锅炉、吸收式制冷机和压缩式电制冷机装置,提出了基于预测控制的微电网能量管理方法。综合考虑网内各单元的工作特性,建立满足实际运行约束的冷、热、电联产型微电网能量管理模型。在孤网运行模式下,兼顾储能装置容量期望以及各单元运行特性,构建微电网能量管理优化目标。利用预测控制滚动优化策略以及可再生能源输出和冷、热、电负荷需求的预测结果,建立带有逻辑变量的有限时域优化问题,实现基于预测控制的微电网最优能量管理。仿真结果表明:引入电锅炉、吸收式制冷机和压缩式电制冷机装置可以达到提高微电网中可再生能源的消纳量、减少燃料消耗、降低运行成本的目的,预测控制中的滚动优化策略能够有效消除可再生能源输出的不确定性和冷、热、电负荷需求波动性带来的影响。

计及冷、热、电联产的气电互联网络最优调度

能源互联网的发展提高了系统的能效、经济性和安全性。储气备用不仅维护了气网自身的安全运行,还能支持燃气轮机出力快速变化,提供电网额外的灵活备用,这对平衡电网中的可再生能源和多能源负荷具有重要意义。此外,气电网络间的高效协调互补,与包括冷、热、电三联产设施在内的多能源应用的运行也有赖于充足的储气备用。为促进气电互联网络安全高效地运行,创新地将储气备用纳入调度优化,提出了一种含有三联产设施的气电互联网络的多目标最优调度模型,并使用NSGAII进行求解。算例分析显示了所提方法的有效性。

以液化天然气为一次能源的分布式供能系统的设计

介绍了以液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)为一次能源的分布式冷、热、电联产系统(combined cooling,heating and power,CCHP)的优点、分布式供能系统容量确定的关键因素、系统的拟定原则、主要设备的选定方法及余热利用模式的选择,为以LNG为一次能源的分布式供能系统的前期规划和总体设计提供参考。

Parametric optimization of power system for a micro-CCHP system

The universal mathematical model of an engine is established,and an economical zone,in which an engine mainly provides medium output load at medium speed,is presented.Based on the experimental data and the universal model of such an engine above,a mathematical model of a refitted engine is provided.The boundary of the corresponding economical zone is further demarcated,and the optimal operating curve and the operating point of the engine are analyzed.Then,the energy transforming models of the power system are established in the mode of cooling,heating and power（MCHP）,the mode of heating and power（MHP）and the mode of electricity powering（MEP）.The parameter matching of the power system is optimized according to the transmission ratios of the gear box in the power distribution system.The results show that,in the MCHP,the speed transmission ratio of the engine to the gear box（ies）and the speed transmission ratio of the motor to the gear box（ims）are defined as 2.9 and 1,respectively;in the MHP,when the demand load of the power system is less than the low critical load of the economical zone,the speed transmission ratio of the motor to the engine（ime）is equal to 1,and when the demand load of the power system exceeds the low critical load of the economical zone,ime equals 0.85;in the MEP,the optimal value of ims is defined as 2.5.

Mathematical model of absorption and hybrid heat pump

Recovering waste heat from industrial processes is bene ficial in order to reduce the primary energy demands and heat pumps can be used to this purpose.Absorption heat pumps are energy-saving and environment-friendly because use working fluids that do not cause ozone depletion and can reduce the global warming emissions.The hybrid heat pump processes combine the conventional vapor-compression and the absorption heat pump cycles.Studies about the simulations and modeling of hybrid heat pumps are few in literature.In this research a mathematical model for single effect absorption and hybrid heat pump is carried out with Chem Cad? 6.0.1.LiBr–H_2O is used as working fluid while electrolytic NRTL and electrolytes latent heat are used as thermodynamic model due to the better results.Binary parameters of activity coef ficients are regressed from experimental vapor pressure data while default constants are used for the solubility expressions.A design of heat pumps is developed and a new modeling of generator is analyzed.The coef ficient of performance of absorption heat pump and hybrid heat pump is equal to 0.7 and 0.83 respectively.For absorption heat pump a sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature and pressure generator,the concentration of Li–Br solution on coef ficient of performance,cooling capacity and working fluid temperature.For hybrid heat pump,the different coef ficients of performance,the primary energy ratio,the generator heat,and the compressor power are analyzed for different values of compressor proportion.Results show that comparing the two systems the hybrid pump allows to save more primary energy,costs and carbon dioxide emissions with respect to absorption heat pump with the increasing of compressor proportion parameter.Future researches should focus on the construction of this heat pumps integrated in chemical processes as a biogas plant or trigeneration systems.

Building Sector： The Different Ways to Improve Their Energetic Efficiency

The building sector has a significant weight in the global energy consumption in almost of the countries. So, there is a high potential for increasing its energy efficiency. With the enforcement of the energetic certification, it was tried to select different solutions that presents less energy consumption and waste, as well as an effective reduction of CO2 emissions. This work fits in this perspective, since the main goal is to evaluate the contribution of passive and active solutions that can be used in buildings for the improvement of its energetic efficiency, as well as to evaluate the contribution of renewable energy sources. Contribution of solar systems for hot water heating and electric energy production has been studied, as well as cogeneration, Combined Heat and Power （CHP）. The case studied is a hotel. To improve the building performance, there were proposed several changes, with the goal of evaluating the contribution of the different solutions proposed. It was concluded that they contribute to a reduction of thermal needs of 25.2% and avoided emissions of CO2 is 30.4%. The analysis of the implementation of trigeneration, Combined Heat, Cooling and Power （CHCP） turns it executable. The payback period is less than 8 years.

Analysis by Indicators Performance of the Conceptual Structures mCCHP-SE Using Renewable Energy Sources

This paper refers to an integrated mCCHP （micro-combined cooling heat and power） systems dedicated for isolated residents with energetic independence. The only energy sources are wood pellet and solar energy. The proposed trigeneration system is based on mCHP （micro-combined heat and power） unit with Stirling engine, photovoltaic panels, thermal solar collector and pellet boiler. The proposed mCCHP system utilizes the exceeding amount of heat in the summer for producing the necessary cooling. A residential building with known energy consumption is determined load curves that must be covered by mCCHP system. The paper analyzes four structures of trigeneration systems with thermal activation chiller and two structures of trigeneration systems with mechanical compression chiller. Performance indicators are determined based on energy balance equations for each variant. It compares the performances and establishes the best option.

Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions for Aquaculture Processing Enerfish

The European Union Framework Programme 71 Enerfish project aims to demonstrate a new poly-generation application with renewable energy sources for the fishery industry in Vietnam. The fish processing plant under consideration can be made by energy self-sufficient when all fish waste oil is processed into biodiesel and further converted to electricity and heat （for cooling） in a CHP （combined heat and power） unit. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the profitability of such plants in southeast Asia. The economic model shows that electricity production is, due to the low electricity tariff, uneconomical （except during electricity blackout）, even if cogeneration heat can be utilized. This prompt a design of the plant whereby the necessary heat for the biodiesel process is taken from the waste heat produced by the compressors of a CO2 cooling system. According to the calculations and assumptions of the present study, the profitability of biodiesel production from fish cleaning wastes in Vietnam depends strongly on the market prices for fish waste and fish oil. Different business case scenarios are described.

Performance Research of a Micro-CCHP System with Adsorption Chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling, heating and power （CCHP） system, which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine, a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy efficiency and economic feasibility, an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW, a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy efficiency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher efficiency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period, which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m^3 （nominal condition） and electric price of 0.754 RMB/（kW.h）, the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.

Analysis of an electricity-cooling cogeneration system for waste heat recovery of gaseous fuel engines

Waste heat recovery(WHR)is one of the most useful ways to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines,and an electricity-cooling cogeneration system(ECCS)based on Rankin-absorption refrigeration combined cycle for the WHR of gaseous fuel engines is proposed in the paper.This system can avoid wasting the heat in condenser so that the efficiency of the whole WHR system improves,but the condensing temperature of Rankin cycle(RC)must increase in order to use absorption refrigeration system,which leads to the decrease of RC output power.Therefore,the relationship between the profit of absorption refrigeration system and the loss of RC in this combined system is the mainly studied content in the paper.Because the energy quality of cooling and electricity are different,cooling power in absorption refrigeration is converted to corresponding electrical power consumed by electric cooling system,which is defined as equivalent electrical power.With this method,the effects of some important operation parameters on the performance of the ECCS are researched,and the equivalent efficiency,exergy efficiency and primary energy rate are compared in the paper.