A dynamic soil freezing characteristic curve model for frozen soil

The soil freezing characteristic curve(SFCC)plays a fundamental role in comprehending thermohydraulic behavior and numerical simulation of frozen soil.This study proposes a dynamic model to uniformly express SFCCs amidst varying total water contents throughout the freezing-thawing process.Firstly,a general model is proposed,wherein the unfrozen water content at arbitrary temperature is determined as the lesser of the current total water content and the reference value derived from saturated SFCC.The dynamic performance of this model is verified through test data.Subsequently,in accordance with electric double layer(EDL)theory,the theoretical residual and minimum temperatures in SFCC are calculated to be-14.5℃to-20℃for clay particles and-260℃,respectively.To ensure that the SFCC curve ends at minimum temperature,a correction function is introduced into the general model.Furthermore,a simplified dynamic model is proposed and investigated,necessitating only three parameters inherited from the general model.Additionally,both general and simplified models are evaluated based on a test database and proven to fit the test data exactly across the entire temperature range.Typical recommended parameter values for various types of soils are summarized.Overall,this study provides not only a theoretical basis for most empirical equations but also proposes a new and more general equation to describe the SFCC.

Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Artificial ground freezing of underground mines in cold regions using thermosyphons with air insulation

Current practice of underground artificial ground freezing(AGF)typically involves huge refrigeration systems of large economic and environmental costs.In this study,a novel AGF technique is proposed deploying available cold wind in cold regions.This is achieved by a static heat transfer device called thermosyphon equipped with an air insulation layer.A refrigeration unit can be optionally integrated to meet additional cooling requirements.The introduction of air insulation isolates the thermosyphon from ground zones where freezing is not needed,resulting in:(1)steering the cooling resources(cold wind or refrigeration)towards zones of interest;and(2)minimizing refrigeration load.This design is demonstrated using well-validated mathematical models from our previous work based on two-phase enthalpy method of the ground coupled with a thermal resistance network for the thermosyphon.Two Canadian mines are considered:the Cigar Lake Mine and the Giant Mine.The results show that our proposed design can speed the freezing time by 30%at the Giant Mine and by two months at the Cigar Lake Mine.Further,a cooling load of 2.4 GWh can be saved at the Cigar Lake Mine.Overall,this study provides mining practitioners with sustainable solutions of underground AGF.

Prediction of the potential distribution and analysis of the freezing injury risk of winter wheat on the Loess Plateau under climate change

Determining the suitable areas for winter wheat under climate change and assessing the risk of freezing injury are crucial for the cultivation of winter wheat.We used an optimized Maximum Entropy(MaxEnt)Model to predict the potential distribution of winter wheat in the current period(1970-2020)and the future period(2021-2100)under four shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios(SSPs).We applied statistical downscaling methods to downscale future climate data,established a scientific and practical freezing injury index(FII)by considering the growth period of winter wheat,and analyzed the characteristics of abrupt changes in winter wheat freezing injury by using the Mann-Kendall(M-K)test.The results showed that the prediction accuracy AUC value of the MaxEnt Model reached 0.976.The minimum temperature in the coldest month,precipitation in the wettest season and annual precipitation were the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of winter wheat.The total suitable area of winter wheat was approximately 4.40×10^(7)ha in the current period.In the 2070s,the moderately suitable areas had the greatest increase by 9.02×10^(5)ha under SSP245 and the least increase by 6.53×10^(5)ha under SSP370.The centroid coordinates of the total suitable areas tended to move northward.The potential risks of freezing injury in the high-latitude and-altitude areas of the Loess Plateau,China increased significantly.The northern areas of Xinzhou in Shanxi Province,China suffered the most serious freezing injury,and the southern areas of the Loess Plateau suffered the least.Environmental factors such as temperature,precipitation and geographical location had important impacts on the suitable area distribution and freezing injury risk of winter wheat.In the future,greater attention should be paid to the northward boundaries of both the winter wheat planting areas and the areas of freezing injury risk to provide the early warning of freezing injury and implement corresponding management strategies.

Freezing imaginarity of quantum states based onℓ_(1)-norm

We discuss freezing of quantum imaginarity based onℓ_(1)-norm.Several properties about a quantity of imaginarity based onℓ_(1)-norm are revealed.For a qubit(2-dimensional)system,we characterize the structure of real quantum operations that allow for freezing the quantity of imaginarity of any state.Furthermore,we characterize the structure of local real operations which can freeze the quantity of imaginarity of a class of N-qubit quantum states.

Exploring the Need and Strategy for Intraoperative Freezing to Identify Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Lungs

Objective: To explore the necessity and strategy of intraoperative freezing to identify primary and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzes the impact of failing to make a definitive diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung on the clinical surgical approach in four cases of intraoperative freezing. It also examines the reasons for this failure and reviews the relevant literature. Results: All 4 cases of intraoperative freezing were diagnosed as invasive adenocarcinoma, and none of them made a definitive diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: It is difficult to confirm the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung by intraoperative frozen section, and the combination of patient history, rapid immunohistochemistry, and histological morphology of intraoperative frozen section for its identification can guide the surgeon to adjust the surgical approach in time and provide evidence for the establishment of surgical protocols for reference.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Fine-Grained Soil Content on the Freezing Strength of Aeolian Sand-Cement Interface

In cold regions,understanding the freezing strength of the interface between soil and structure is crucial for designing frost-resistant foundations.To investigate how the content of cement powder in aeolian sand affects this strength,we conducted direct shear tests under various conditions such as different fine-grained soil content,normal stress,and initial moisture content of the soil.By analyzing parameters like soil properties,and volume of ice content,and using the Mohr-Coulomb strength theory to define interface strength,we aimed to indirectly measure the cementation strength of the interface.Our findings revealed that as the particle content increased,the interface stress-strain curves became noticeably stiffer.We also observed a positive linear relationship between freezing strength and silt content,while the initial moisture content of the soil did not significantly impact the strengthening effect of fine-grained soil on freezing strength.Moreover,we discovered that as the powder content increased,the force binding the ice to the interface decreased,while the friction angle at the interface increased.However,the cohesion force at the interface remained relatively unchanged.Overall,our analysis suggests that the increase in freezing strength due to fine-grained soil content is primarily due to the heightened friction between aeolian sand and the interface.

Change in Grain-Size Composition of Lignite under Cyclic Freezing-Thawing and Wetting-Drying

The paper presents the change in grain-size composition of lignite under cyclic freezing-thawing (FTC) and wetting-drying (WDC). The article shows that in the spring and autumn periods the lignites can be subjected to repeated freezing-thawing and wetting-drying, which determines the possibility of changing their grain-size composition and structure. Experimental studies in laboratory conditions on the influence of cyclic freezing-thawing (FTC) and wetting-drying (WDC) on the quality indicators of lignites have been carried out, their granulometric (fractional) composition has been studied. Freezing-thawing cycle conditions are as follows (FTC): minimum exposure temperature: -20°C;maximum: +5°C;relative humidity: 30%;number of processing cycles: 3. Wetting-drying cycles are as follows (WDC): drying temperatures are +20, +40, +60, +80°C, drying time 90 minutes, the coals are further subjected to rain (soaking) for a period of water saturation to humidity of 30% - 40% and dry again. The number of wetting-drying cycles is 3 times. The tests have revealed the destructive effects of FTC and WDC on the samples of lower metamorphic grade coal, and the cycles of wet-dry lead to the much higher yield of fine sizes (-6+0;-13+0 mm) than the cycles of freeze-thaw. Furthermore, it is found that the increase in the yield of fines depends on the heating temperature: coal disintegration proceeds more intensively at a higher temperature of drying.

苹果丁冷冻-热风联合干燥体积收缩机制

为降低冻干苹果能耗,同时获得具有良好外观的脱水产品,该研究将冷冻-热风联合干燥应用于苹果脱水加工,并从水分迁移角度探究此过程中产品的收缩机制。选取4个水分转换点(干基含水率分别为1.00、0.76、0.53和0.33 g/g)对苹果进行联合干燥处理,并对脱水产品的收缩率、质构特性、微观结构、孔隙分布及样品在热风干燥阶段的水分迁移与分布进行测定及分析。结果表明,联合干燥样品的收缩情况显著(P<0.05)优于单一热风干燥样品,且转换点对样品收缩率影响较大(收缩率6%~45%),当转换点干基含水率低于0.53 g/g时,联合干燥样品没有出现明显的体积收缩现象。随着转换点干基含水率的升高,样品的收缩程度增大,并出现不同程度的中心塌陷,且孔隙率逐渐减小,但相应能耗降低。产品收缩主要发生在热风干燥过程的升速阶段,在此阶段样品自由水含量大幅减少,结合水与不易流动水未发生明显改变,样品内部水分在湿度差的作用下向表面迁移,这是导致联合干燥样品发生体积收缩的关键机制。该研究结果可为冷冻-热风联合干燥高效生产良好外观的脱水苹果提供数据支撑及理论参考。

玉米种子真空冷冻干燥微观实验研究及模型分析

目的 探究真空冷冻干燥技术对玉米种子的影响。方法 基于光学显微镜成像及真空冷冻干燥技术探究各冻干条件(冻结终温、升华干燥温度、解析干燥温度)对玉米种子细胞微观结构的影响。对比分析细胞形态学参数(当量直径、周长、面积、圆度)和含水率的变化规律,建立真空冷冻干燥条件与细胞形态学参数变化率之间关联的数学拟合模型。结果 细胞形态学参数变化率和含水率与冻结终温呈负相关趋势,随升华干燥和解析干燥温度的升高呈现先减少后增大的趋势,且升华干燥温度对玉米种子形态学参数变化率影响最大。在冻结终温为-25℃、升华干燥温度为5℃、解析干燥温度为40℃下,含水率(12.81%)最低。在细胞的当量直径(9.2%)、周长(8.4%)、面积(17.68%)的变化率最小且圆度(1.78%)小于4%时,干燥效果最好。采用二次多项式模型,决定系数R2均接近于1,FSSE和FRMSE均接近0。结论 该数学模型能较好地描述各真空冷冻干燥条件对玉米种子细胞形态学参数的影响,可在一定范围内对玉米米种子真空冷冻干燥后的品质进行控制。

不同冷冻-解冻处理方式对猕猴桃品质的影响

以‘徐香’猕猴桃为原材料,系统探究不同冷冻温度(-20℃、-40℃、-50℃和-80℃)及解冻温度(4℃、15℃、25℃和35℃)组合对猕猴桃主要理化性质及香气成分的影响。结果表明:不同冷冻-解冻处理不会影响猕猴桃的色度;与鲜切猕猴桃一致,4℃/-50℃、4℃/-80℃和15℃/-80℃处理条件下猕猴桃的可溶性固形物含量均为16.0oBrix。鲜切猕猴桃的可滴定酸和维生素C含量分别为1.22g/hg和45.30 mg/hg,处理后猕猴桃的可滴定酸含量为1.06~1.33g/hg,维生素C含量降低17.62%~33.89%。不同处理后猕猴桃的多酚类物质损失率为20.44%~31.72%,且不同组合处理之间无显著差异。同时,不同处理对猕猴桃香气成分的种类和含量有一定损失,且较低的冷冻温度和解冻温度有利于香气成分的保持。综合考虑,-50℃/4℃和-80℃/4℃冷冻-解冻组合方式可有效保持猕猴桃的品质,为猕猴桃的贮藏保鲜提供了技术支撑。

真空冷冻预干燥对压差膨化干燥果蔬脆片质地特性的影响

为探索预干燥处理对不同果蔬脆片结构及质地特性的影响,该研究采用真空冷冻干燥作为预干燥,并选取了3个水分转换点(60%、45%、30%),对预干燥过程中6种典型果蔬(苹果,梨,桃,山药,马铃薯,青萝卜)水分状态、细胞结构、收缩率、孔隙度、应力-松弛特性与质地特性进行测定与分析。结果表明,随着预干燥的进行,水分含量逐渐降低,自由水逐渐散失,以不易流动水为主,收缩率逐渐减小,孔隙度逐渐增大,硬度、咀嚼性、弹性模量逐渐增加;水分转换点为60%时不同果蔬脆片具有较高的硬脆度,其中马铃薯与山药脆片硬度较高,桃与梨的脆片脆度较高;水分转换点为30%时,6种果蔬的孔隙度最高,且青萝卜的孔隙度显著高于其他果蔬(P <0.05);在干燥后期,果蔬样品骨架基本形成,且收缩率较低,致使内部孔隙度变大;由相关性分析可知真空冷冻预干燥过程中水分转换点、孔隙度与果蔬脆片质地特性极显著相关(P <0.05),研究结果可为预干燥对果蔬脆片质地影响提供参考。

红肉火龙果粉的发泡微波冷冻干燥制备与质量评价

制备浆果粉末产品是延长其货架期的有效手段。为降低干燥过程能耗和保留产品营养成分,该研究以平均含水率(87.03±1.26)%的新鲜红肉火龙果果浆为原料,采用冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥两种方法制备了火龙果粉末。以残余湿含量、色泽和典型生物活性成分甜菜红素、芦丁和总酚保留率为指标对产品质量进行了评价。用质量比为3%(w/w)的分离乳清蛋白和2.5%(w/w)的果胶为添加剂制备了未发泡和发泡2种样品,进行了传统和微波冷冻干燥试验。结果表明,使用石英底盘,在30˚C、20 Pa下,发泡样品比未发泡样品冷冻干燥时间缩短了39.06%;施加1 W微波功率时,未发泡和发泡样品微波冷冻干燥时间比无微波时分别缩短了18.75%和12.82%。用碳化硅底盘替代石英底盘,在30˚C、20 Pa和1 W下,发泡样品微波冷冻干燥时间比未发泡和发泡样品传统无微波冷冻干燥分别缩短了65.62%和43.59%。分别以5.5%(w/w)的分离乳清蛋白和15.6%(w/w)的麦芽糊精为添加剂,进行了喷雾干燥试验。工艺参数为进风温度150˚C、出风温度85˚C、进料速度28 mL/min。冷冻干燥产品的甜菜红素、芦丁和总酚保留率分别在72%、84%和75%以上,而喷雾干燥产品的保留率显著降低。该研究采用的冷冻干燥方法能够大幅缩短干燥时间、提高产品质量,为浆果类粉末产品的制备提供工业解决方案。

速冻果蔬冷冻链技术研究进展

随着我国农业结构调整与居民消费水平提升,速冻果蔬越来越受到大众关注,速冻果蔬消费及其加工产品需求的持续增长也让速冻果蔬全程冷冻技术成为研究热点。本文对近年来国内外速冻果蔬冷冻链技术的研究和应用现状进行归纳分析,从物流角度综述了冷加工技术、冻藏技术、运输技术和信息技术在速冻果蔬从前端到末端全链条中的应用,介绍了应用于速冻果蔬冷冻链的新技术、新材料,总结了速冻果蔬冷冻链技术研究中存在的问题,并提出未来应从速冻果蔬冷冻链各个环节的建模仿真、冷冻链技术标准化、绿色化技术和信息技术赋能等方面进行研究,为促进我国速冻果蔬产业发展提供参考。

添加阻热环的熔盐堆用冷冻法兰的结构优化与评价

针对熔盐堆用冷冻法兰使用时中心孔处应力较大、易出现裂纹等问题,提出在法兰内部嵌入阻热环的结构优化方案(阻热环由纯镍包覆,内部填充导热系数很低的气凝胶),以期降低法兰的温度梯度从而降低应力。探究法兰颈部厚度对法兰密封处温度和最大应力的影响,以及拉伸方向(法兰接管方向和径向)对法兰最大应力的影响,以期在降低法兰应力的基础上降低法兰的质量和尺寸。采用有限元法计算法兰的温度、应力及蠕变疲劳损伤。结果表明:法兰内置阻热环可降低温度梯度,进而降低法兰应力;法兰密封处的温度和应力随法兰颈部厚度的减小而降低;沿接管方向拉伸法兰可降低法兰最大应力。最终优化方案中法兰的质量、尺寸大幅下降,减重效果明显,满足ASME NH高温评定要求。

水产品超声辅助浸渍冷冻技术研究进展

目的为延长水产品销售周期,最大程度保持其营养品质,促进水产品冷冻保藏及加工技术的发展和产业化。方法归纳总结超声辅助浸渍冷冻的作用机理,并探究其对冰晶形成和生长以及水产品保鲜加工的影响。结果超声辅助浸渍冷冻能有效提高冷冻效率,减小冰晶晶核规格,缩短冷冻时间,减缓水产品蛋白质变性与脂质氧化速率,改善水产品质构、保持其营养价值,是水产品冷冻处理的有效途径。结论超声辅助浸渍冷冻技术能在一定程度上解决水产品冷冻过程中存在的问题,为水产品冷冻技术产业化提供支持。超声辅助浸渍冷冻技术在作用机制、适用范围和特定环境下的作用衰减等方面存在着一定缺陷,还需深入阐述其作用机理,为冷冻智能装备开发提供保障。

鸡精液甘油简易冷冻保存技术改进与优化效果评价

[目的]改进与优化鸡精液甘油细管简易冷冻保存技术。[方法]采用单因素设计试验,使用6%的冻存(3、6、9个月)与现配甘油保护液制作细管冷冻精液,比较冷冻精液冻后精子活力、活率及畸形率。采用液氮面上熏蒸法优化一步冷冻法冷冻速率,并用优化后一步冷冻法与前期研发的两步冷冻法制作细管冷冻精液,检测两种冷冻方案冻后与离心去甘油后的精子活力、活率、畸形率及种蛋受精率、孵化率。采用一步冷冻法冷冻不同品种公鸡精液,并采用不同输精轮次应用于不同年龄母鸡,通过输精试验评价输精效果。[结果]①添加冻存3、6、9个月的甘油保护液与现配甘油保护液冻后精子活力、活率、畸形率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。②经优化和重复率比较后一步冷冻法最佳冷冻速率为细管精液距离液氮面3 cm冷冻3 min,样品精子活力≥60%的重复率为100%,精子活力≥65%的重复率为65%。③一步冷冻法精子活力、精子活率分别为62.84%和76.00%,均极显著高于两步冷冻法(58.17%和68.62%)(P<0.01),两种冷冻方案的精子畸形率无显著差异(P>0.05)。一步法、两步法冷冻精液离心去甘油前、后平均精子活力、种蛋平均受精率和平均孵化率均无显著差异(P>0.05),单日最高受精率分别为68.34%和80.00%。④采用一步冷冻法制备的黑凤鸡与湘东鸡冻精输精后的种蛋受精率和孵化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。给30周龄母鸡输精后种蛋受精率极显著高于68周龄母鸡(P<0.01)。3轮4次输精模式种蛋受精率极显著高于1轮2次输精模式(P<0.01)。[结论]将甘油保护液制备成储备液在―20℃冻存,采用一步冷冻法并预先进行冷冻速率优化,输精时注意精液冷藏时长、母鸡年龄、输精轮次,能得到稳定较好的输精效果。

组合浸渍和超低温冻融预处理对真空冷冻干燥蓝莓品质的影响

为探究组合浸渍冻干保护剂(海藻糖-CaCl_(2))和超低温冻融预处理对蓝莓活性物质和品质的影响,该研究以直接冷冻干燥为对照组,以普通冻融(-20℃)、超低温快速冻融(-80℃)、超声波辅助冻干保护剂浸渍冻融(-20℃)、(-80℃)预处理后进行真空冷冻干燥为试验组,比较分析蓝莓活性物质(多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性)、营养物质(维生素C、花青素、总酚、类黄酮)、质构特性(硬度、咀嚼性)等指标的变化情况,并在此基础上进行BoxBehnken三因素三水平试验设计。结果表明:单一的冻干保护剂浸渍处理或者超低温处理均不如两者组合效果理想,两者组合浸渍后-80℃冻融处理可以有效维持蓝莓硬度,提高蓝莓营养物质的保留度并减少真空冷冻干燥时间。冻融次数为2次,浸渍时间为3.7 h,单次冷冻时间为4.2 d时蓝莓综合指标最高,营养物质保留度最高。该研究阐述了冻干保护剂浸渍预处理与超低温冻融两者联合处理对真空冷冻干燥蓝莓品质提升的机理,探究了冻融次数、冷冻时间、浸渍时间对品质的影响,得出了真空冷冻干燥预处理的最佳参数,为蓝莓真空冷冻干燥技术的发展提供了新思路。

基于模糊控制的农产品冷冻库网络控制系统研究

介绍了农产品冷冻库网络控制系统的结构及其特点,设计了基于模糊自适应整定的PID控制器,实现了对农产品冷冻库网络控制系统的控制。基于TrueTime仿真工具箱的仿真实验表明:设计的农产品冷冻库网络控制系统具有响应速度快、稳定性强和抗干扰能力强等特点。

真空冷冻干燥升华温度对玉米种子品质的影响

本文采用真空冷冻干燥机对玉米种子进行冷冻干燥处理,研究不同升华温度(3℃、5℃、7℃、9℃)条件下其物性指标(含水率、容重、出碴率、颗粒度指数、裂纹率、最大力、最大力点变形)和活性指标(发芽率、呼吸强度、相对导电率)的变化规律。研究结果表明:玉米种子的含水率、容重、出碴率、最大力、最大力点变形随升华温度升高先降低后升高,颗粒度指数随升华温度升高先增大后减小,裂纹率、相对电导率随升华温度升高先升高后降低。不同升华温度的玉米种子活性都有所下降,发芽率也都有所下降。在升华温度5℃下玉米种子呼吸强度最小,最适宜储存。